1. Team 5 Rachel Parrish Nikki Chaib Banner Owen Alex Gonzalez
Foundations of Strategy: Chapter 8 Global Strategies & the multinational corporation
Team 5
Rachel Parrish
Nikki Chaib
Banner Owen
Alex Gonzalez

2. Internationalism
Most important and pervasive force that has reshaped the competitive environment of business during the past half-century.
Because of trade and financial links, problems in one part of the global economy are now quickly transmitted around the world in a chain reaction.
It is both a threat and an opportunity.
Adds considerable complexity to our strategy analysis
Broadens the scope of markets
Complicates analysis of competitive advantage
Spending in the italian government can have significant impact on steel producers in India and farmers in Africa is a testament to the true power of internationalism
Internationalism opens domestic markets to competitors from different countries (which can have tragic consequences for individual firms or whole industries), and it also offers vast opportunity allowing firms with small domestic markets to become global leaders. Examples are Nokia in Mobile phones, Anheuser-Busch from belgium in beer.

3. Patterns of Industry Internationalism
Occurs through trade and direct investment.
Based on these, we can identify different types of industries by the extent and mode of their internationalism.
Four types of industries:
Sheltered
Trading
Multidomestic
Global
Trade – sale and shipment of goods and services from one country to another
Direct investment – building or acquiring productive assets in another country.

4. Sheltered Industries
Sheltered from both imports and inward direct investment by regulation, trade barriers, or localized nature of the goods and services.
Examples: primarily fragmented service industries like dry cleaning and funeral services, small scale manufacturing industries, and industries producing products that are non tradable because they are perishable (milk, bread) or difficult to move (4 poster bed)
Chipotle

5. Trading Industries
Internationalism occurs primarily through imports and exports.
If a product is transportable, not nationally differentiated, and subject to substantial scale economies, exporting from a single location is the most efficient means to exploit overseas markets.
Examples are aircraft, shipbuilding, and diamonds from South Africa.
Southwest?

6. Multidomestic Industries
Internationalism is through direct investment because trade is not feasible, or because products are nationally differentiated.
Examples: Retail banking, hotels, recorded music
Costco?

7. Global Industries
Those which trade and direct investment are important.
Most large scale manufacturing industries.
Examples: Cars, Electronics
Apple is considered a global industry. Exports phones and has FDI in China.
Ford
Exxon

8. Foreign Direct Investment
Figure 8.1
Trading
Aerospace
Diamonds
Agriculture
Sheltered
Railroads
Dry cleaning
Hair dressing
Milk
Global
Cars
Oil
Electronics
Multidomestic
Banking
Hotels
Groceries
International Trade
Foreign Direct Investment
Low
High

9. Analyzing Competitive Advantage
Firm Resources & Capabilities
Financial Resources
Physical Resources
Technology
Reputation
Functional Capabilities
Gen. Mgmt. Capabilities
The National Environment
National Resources & Capabilities (raw materials, national culture, human resources, transportation, communication, legal infrastructure)
Domestic Market Conditions
Govt Policies
Exchange Rates
Related and Supporting industries
The Industry Environment
Key Success Factors
Competitive Advantage
National environment – availability of resources within the countries where it does business.

10. Comparative Advantage
The role of national resource availability on international competitiveness.
A country has a comparative advantage in those products that make intensive use of those resources available in abundance within that country.
Example: U.S. has abundance of technological resources, so we have a comparative advantage in technology-intensive products (microprocessors, computer software, etc)
Comparative advantage refers to the relative efficiencies of producing different products. As long as exchange rates are well behaved, comparative advantage translates into competitive advantage.

11. Porter’s National Diamond
4 factors which determine a country’s competitive advantage within a particular sector:
1) Factor Conditions
2) Related & Supporting Industries
3) Demand Conditions
4) Strategy, Structure, & Rivalry

12. Factor Conditioning
Porter emphasizes the role of highly specialized resources, many of which are “home-grown” rather then “endowed”.

13. Related & Supporting Industries
Porter’s most striking empirical findings is that national competitive strengths tend to be associated with clusters of industries.
For each industry, closely related industries are sources of critical resources & capabilities
Ex: Silicon Valley’s clusters comprises of semiconductor, computer, software & venture capital firms

14. Demand Conditions
The power driver of innovation and quality improvement
Example:
Switzerland’s supremacy in watches is supported by the obsessive punctuality of the Swiss.

15. Strategy, Structure, & Rivalry
National competitive performance in particular sectors is inevitably related to the strategies & structures of firms in those industries.
Porter puts emphasis on the role of intense domestic competition in driving innovation, efficiency, and the upgrading of competitive advantage.

16. IKEA’s Competitive Advantage
Factor Conditions: Sweden has a plentiful supply of timber. When winters were harsh, farming suffered which made farmers independent and self-sufficient by making furniture out of the timber. Sweden developed a strong base of skilled furniture makers. Their designs are known for their simplicity, clean lines, & light minimalistic look.

17. IKEA’s Competitive Advantage
Related & Supporting Industries: In Sweden the Tibro cluster comprises of more than 70 furniture companies. Their close proximity facilitates the exchange of information and means that innovative ideas are quickly spread.

18. IKEA’s Competitive Advantage
Demand Conditions: Swedish customers are sensitive to environmental considerations and are concerned with sustainability.
The environmental concerns of IKEA’s Swedish customers are reflected in the company’s commitment to environmental stewardship.
IKEA goes for low cost, but not at the cost of the environment

19. IKEA’s Competitive Advantage
Local Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry: IKEA’s development of “flat pack”, non-assembled furniture together with reductions in transportation costs, moved competition beyond regional and national boundaries.

20. Consistency between Strategy & National Conditions
Establishing competitive advantage in global industries requires congruence between business strategy and the pattern of the country’s comparative advantage.

21. Limitation on the Diamond Model
2 different perspectives:
1) Rugman & Dunning see the diamond model as omitting key factors.
The model fails to take into consideration the attributes of the home country’s largest trading partners, isn’t applicable to to smaller nations
Ignores the role of multinational corporations in influencing the competitive success of nations
Needs to be expanded & amended

22. Limitation of Diamond Model
2) Waverman and Davies & Ellis suggest that the model is so general that it lacks value.
By trying to explain all aspects of trade and competition the model ends up explaining nothing because it is insufficiently precise to generate testable predictions.

23. Applying the Framework:
Choosing where to locate production
The decision of where to locate production requires consideration of 4 sets of factors:
National Resource Availability: key resources differ between counties on their availability or cost. Firms should manufacture in countries where resources are favorable
Firm-Specific Competitive Advantage: if advantage is based on internal resources, optimal location is where resources are situated and how mobile they are

24. Choosing where to Locate Production
3) Tradability: the more difficult it is to transport a product and the more subject it is to trade barriers, the more production will need to take place within the local market.
4) Political Considerations: Government incentives, penalties, & restrictions affect location decisions

25. Location & the Value Chain
Different countries offer advantages at different stages of the value chain.
Key feature of internationalization is the international division of value chains as firms seek to locate to countries whose resource availability and cost, best match each stage of the value chain.

26. How should a firm enter foreign markets?
The basic principle of entering a foreign market is to seek profitability.
The potential for establishing a competitive advantage within that market is correlated with how they enter the market.
Transactions
Direct investment

27. 5 key factors in choosing entry mode
Is the firms competitive advantage based on firm specific or country specific resources?
Is the product tradable and what are the barriers to trade?
Does the firm possess the full range of resources and capabilities for establishing a competitive advantage in the overseas market?
Can the firm directly appropriate the returns to its resources?
What transaction costs are involved?

28. International alliances and joint ventures
Strategic alliances- collaborative arrangements between firms.
Do your companies have strategic alliances?
Companies can enter global markets by these alliances and greatly benefit by gathering vast resources and sharing means such as management, technological, knowledge and etc.

29. Multinational strategies: global integration vs
Multinational strategies: global integration vs. national differentiation

30. Benefits of a global strategy
Allows access to scale economies in product development, manufacturing, and marketing.
Locally differentiated customer preferences is diminishing rapidly.

31. Cost benefits of scale and replication
Primary sources of scale economy is product development. Subsequent replication costs a fraction of the original.
Ex. McDonalds and Disneyland Theme Parks.

32. Serving Global Customers
The customer base has been revolutionized to become a global market for consumers.

33. Exploiting National Resources- Arbitrage Benefits
The ability for the company to access knowledge within the host country.
This also pertains to exploiting local resources which will benefit the incoming firm.

34. Learning Benefits
The ability to recognize that by entering the overseas market place there is a need to acquire knowledge within the local community.
This will also allow for the cross differentiation of multiple national environments to gain a competitive edge. Bringing together all of the knowledge from the different places that the subsidiaries have been placed.

35. Competing Strategically
Cross subsidization- using profits or surpluses generated by one part of a business to support other parts of the business that perform less well.
Allows for having global backing in markets to allow for specific strategies to drive out competitors such as predatory pricing.

36. The need for national differentiation
It has been shown recently although there has been a push for a global customer base and one that can be provided for with one simple product. This is just simply not the case the customers demand for an individual product that meets their personal needs.
How can you see this in your companies today?

37. Reconciling global integration with national differentiation
This is a cross between embarking upon the global customer but doing it with their national characteristics in mind.
So what has formed is a locally specialized firms that can provide the specific needs being sought but still represent the firm to the standards of the company.

38. Multinational Corporations or MNCs
The evolution of multinational strategies and Structures
Captive of their history
Radical changes in Strategy and Structure are difficult
Their history continues to shape their organizational capabilities today

39. Reconfiguring the MNC Changing organization Structure
Creating worldwide product divisions
Principal structural changes: national subsidiaries and regional groupings to creation of worldwide product divisions
Ex. A U.S. based company can have headquarters in different countries

40. New Approach to Reconciling Localization and Global Integration
More important than changing Structure
Changes in Responsibilities
Decision powers
Modes of coordination
Decentralization

41. Decentralization Accelerating technological change
Centralization helps with cost and mass production
Innovation occurs when the company is decentralized
Example Google with the place they work at, campus like. and Apple is really incentive based
Ford, Chipotle, Exxon

42. New Approach to Reconciling Localization and Global Integration Cont.
Transnational organization
Becoming an integrated network of distributed and interdependent resources and capabilities
Company must adapt to
Differential requirements of different products
Different functions
Different countries

43. Transnational Organization
Is a concept and direction of development
Rather than a distinct organizational archetype
Involves convergence of the different strategy configurations of MNCs
Reassign roles and responsibilities
Increasing integration among different national subsidiaries

44. Organizing R&D and New Product Development
Greatest challenges facing top managers
Organizing
Fostering and exploiting innovation
New product development
Innovation is stimulated by diversity and autonomy, while its exploitation and diffusion require critical mass and coordination

45. Organizing R&D and New Product Development
Building a globally integrated approach to new product development should be a major priority for MNCs
Example – the traditional European decentralized model is conducive to local initiatives- but not to their global exploitation
Allows them to take advantage of local resources and develop distinctive capabilities while exploiting globally the results of their initiatives

46. Conclusion Competitive advantages
Is not just determined by its own resources and capabilities
But also by the conditions of the national environment in which it operates
We simplified the complexities of international strategy
International management can be complex
Because what works at home might not work somewhere else
But we are starting to understand it better and it helps us to compete globally

47. Conclusion cont.