1. Control Critical Assessment of Research Needs Biological Control of Aquatic Weeds: Critical Assessment of Research Needs Research Priorities Workshop on Invasive Aquatic Weeds La Jolla, California 14–15 December 2005

2. Areas Overlooked or Understudied Other Submersed SpeciesOther Submersed Species -Parrotfeather, Curlyleaf Pondweed, Egeria, Myriophyllum heterophyllum, M. aquaticum Myriophyllum heterophyllum, M. aquaticum Initiate / Complete Domestic & Overseas Surveys of Submersed Target SpeciesInitiate / Complete Domestic & Overseas Surveys of Submersed Target Species - e.g. Presence of Milfoil Weevil in CA & OR Host Range Testing / Temp. Tolerances of Naturalized Biocontrol AgentsHost Range Testing / Temp. Tolerances of Naturalized Biocontrol Agents Performance of Biocontrol Agents on Monoecious & Resistant HydrillaPerformance of Biocontrol Agents on Monoecious & Resistant Hydrilla

3. Areas Overlooked or Understudied (cont’d) Pathogens for Submersed SpeciesPathogens for Submersed Species -Native (Bioherbicides) and Foreign (Classical) Mass Rearing of Approved Biocontrol AgentsMass Rearing of Approved Biocontrol Agents Role of Correctional FacilitiesRole of Correctional Facilities Augmenting Classical/ Naturalized BiocontrolsAugmenting Classical/ Naturalized Biocontrols Standardized, Objective Procedures for Post-release Monitoring of Biocontrol Agent ImpactsStandardized, Objective Procedures for Post-release Monitoring of Biocontrol Agent Impacts Awareness of Indirect Ecological Impacts (‘Flow- On’ Effects).Awareness of Indirect Ecological Impacts (‘Flow- On’ Effects).

4. Areas Overlooked or Understudied (cont’d) Foundational ResearchFoundational Research -Plant / Biocontrol Agent Physiology -Role of Nutrition -Host Location Behavior -Biocontrol Agent Reproduction (Wolbachia?) -Abiotic and Biotic Limiting Factors Integration of Biocontrol w/ Other MethodsIntegration of Biocontrol w/ Other Methods -Whole Lake Herbicide Treatment followed by Augmentation of Biocontrols -Herbivory (top-down effect) with Revegetation (bottom-up effect) -Pathogens (M.t.) with Herbicides

5. Areas Overlooked or Understudied (cont’d) Biotype Matching in Host Range TestingBiotype Matching in Host Range Testing -Genetic Diversity of Biocontrol Agents/Plants -DNA Analysis & Testing of Hybrids Genetic Structure of Target SpeciesGenetic Structure of Target Species Ecological Niche ModelsEcological Niche Models (e.g., GARP for Predicting Biocontrol Agent Establishment) Removal, Lower Stocking Rates of Grass Carp & RevegetationRemoval, Lower Stocking Rates of Grass Carp & Revegetation Outreach / Technology Transfer of Biocontrol InformationOutreach / Technology Transfer of Biocontrol Information

6. Benefit to Plant Managers Host Range Testing of Native/ Adventive Biocontrol Agents Allows for Interstate MovementHost Range Testing of Native/ Adventive Biocontrol Agents Allows for Interstate Movement Learn How to Use and Maximize Implementation of Biocontrol TechnologiesLearn How to Use and Maximize Implementation of Biocontrol Technologies Appreciation of Ecosystem Approach to Weed Control & IPMAppreciation of Ecosystem Approach to Weed Control & IPM Integration Leads to Greater AcceptanceIntegration Leads to Greater Acceptance of Biocontrol of Biocontrol Mass Rearing of Biocontrol Agents Mass Rearing of Biocontrol Agents -Better Control in Shorter Time

7. Obstacles to Overcome Lack of Adequate Funding / Long-term Commitment for BiocontrolLack of Adequate Funding / Long-term Commitment for Biocontrol Submersed Growth habit Presents Challenge for Standardizing Methods to Monitor Biocontrol Agent ImpactsSubmersed Growth habit Presents Challenge for Standardizing Methods to Monitor Biocontrol Agent Impacts Obtaining Agreement on What Constitutes SuccessObtaining Agreement on What Constitutes Success -Unrealistic Expectations of “Success” Perception of Safety & Efficacy of Biological ControlPerception of Safety & Efficacy of Biological Control Loss of Expertise in Arthropod/ Pathogen SystematicsLoss of Expertise in Arthropod/ Pathogen Systematics