1. 24 April 20081

2. 2 Elements of Research Ethics Review II Social Value Malik Fernando M.B.,Ch.B. (Bristol)

3. 24 April 2008 1.Social or Scientific value 2.Scientific validity 3.Fair subject selection 4.Favourable risk-benefit ratio 5.Independent review 6.Informed consent 7.Respect for potential and enrolled subjects

4. 24 April 20084 “To be ethical, clinical research must be valuable…” – E. J. Emanuel et al – E. J. Emanuel et al

5. 24 April 20085 “The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature” – The Nuremberg Code – The Nuremberg Code

6. 24 April 20086 “Medical research is only justified if there is a reasonable likelihood that the population in which the research is carried out stand to benefit from the results of the research” – Declaration of Helsinki – Declaration of Helsinki

7. 24 April 20087 Corollary - 1 Clinical research without possible social or scientific value is a waste of resources and unnecessary exposure of human beings to potential harm Clinical research without possible social or scientific value is a waste of resources and unnecessary exposure of human beings to potential harm

8. 24 April 20088 Corollary - 2 Badly planned and poorly designed research that causes inconvenience to participants with possible risks will not produce useful or valid results is considered unethical Badly planned and poorly designed research that causes inconvenience to participants with possible risks will not produce useful or valid results is considered unethical

9. 24 April 20089 Assessment of value - 1 Will the proposed treatment or diagnostic intervention being evaluated lead to improvement in health and well being? Will the proposed treatment or diagnostic intervention being evaluated lead to improvement in health and well being?

10. 24 April 200810 Assessment of value - 2 Is the research a study of etiological or epidemiological factors that could lead to innovative therapeutic or diagnostic interventions? Is the research a study of etiological or epidemiological factors that could lead to innovative therapeutic or diagnostic interventions?

11. 24 April 200811 Assessment of value - 3 Is the research one that could generate new knowledge about the structure or function of human biological systems? Is the research one that could generate new knowledge about the structure or function of human biological systems? (Even if that knowledge does not have immediate practical applications)

12. 24 April 200812 Assessment of value - 4  Would the results be generalizable?  Is the hypothesis being tested trifling or weighty?  Are the answers being sought already available – in their entirety or in large measure?

13. 24 April 200813 Assessment of value - 5  Would the results of the research be adequately and appropriately disseminated?  Is there a plan for dissemination of the results?

14. 24 April 200814 International Collaborative Research -  Share fairly financial and other rewards  Who are the beneficiaries of the research?  Assess the importance of the health systems being investigated and the prospective value of the research for each of the beneficiaries continued

15. 24 April 200815 International Collaborative Research - continued  Enhancing value for each of the beneficiaries: dissemination of knowledge, product development, long term research collaboration, health system improvement  Prevent undermining the existing health system infrastructure and services - Ethical principles and benchmarks for multinational research Emanuel et al -

16. 24 April 200816 Practical Problems - 1  Determining social value can be uncertain: requires judgements  Research results can be imperfectly incorporated into the healthcare system

17. 24 April 200817 Practical Problems - 2 How stringently should these requirements be applied? How stringently should these requirements be applied?  Research as a training requirement  Undergraduate research

18. 24 April 200818