1. LASTFIRE
Large Atmospheric Storage Tank Fires

2. LASTFIRE
An industry consortium of international oil companies reviewing risks associated with storage tank fires

4. Original Project Sponsors
Agip Petroli BP
Conoco
DEA
Elf
Exxon
MOL
Mobil
OMV
PetroFina
Repsol
Saudi Aramco
Shell
Total
Veba
WRG

5. External Information Sources
PROJECT STRUCTURE
LASTFIRE
Sponsors’
Steering Group
Project
Co-ordinator
External Information Sources
Operators
Tank Builders
Seal Manufacturers
Detection Suppliers
Protection Suppliers
Fire Fighters
Legislators
Insurers
Project
Working Group

6. OBJECTIVES Determine current levels of risk
LASTFIRE
OBJECTIVES
Determine current levels of risk
Establish Design & Operational Practice & make knowledge available throughout industry
Establish techniques to determine site- specific levels of risk and identify appropriate & cost-effective risk reduction measures

7. FIRE HAZARD MANAGEMENT
DESIGN STANDARDS
CODES OF PRACTICE
Equipment Maintenance
Preplanning
Exercises
Fire Training
Update
FIRE ENGINEERING
FIRE MODELLING
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Evaluate Alternative
Prevention, Protection
& Mitigation Measures
Incident Descriptions
CONSEQUENCES
Life Safety
Environment
Business Interruption
Asset Value
Other Issues
HAZOP
QRA
INCIDENT EXPERIENCE
Ignition Sources
Hazardous Materials
Formalisation
Legislation
Fire
Scenario
Analysis
Compare Risk
Reduction
Options
Define
FHM
Policy
Implement

8. PROJECT DELIVERABLES Risk Reduction Options Foam Review Incident
Frequency
Survey
Direct input
Indirect input
Fire
Scenario
Analysis
Compare Risk
Reduction
Options
Define
FHM
Policy
Implement
Escalation
Mechanism
Analysis
Risk Workbook

9. FLOATING ROOF TANK FIRE SCENARIOS
Spill on Roof Fire
Rimseal Fire
Full Surface Fire
Bund Fire
Pontoon Explosion

10. PROJECT DATABASE Data processed from 16 companies
LASTFIRE
Data processed from 16 companies
Completed questionnaires received from 164 sites in 36 countries
Data from 2420 tanks >40m diameter in use during
Average age of tanks reviewed years
Sample represented tank years of operation

11. RIMSEAL FIRE FREQUENCY BY AREA
Country/
Region
Southern
Europe
Northern
Europe
North
America
Saudi
Arabia
Nigeria
Venezuela
Thailand
Singapore
Number of
fires 7 13 15 9 2 3 2 1
Tank
years
333
6247
15264
4611
159
224
1035
3392
Frequency
( x 10-3/tank year ) 21 2 1 2 13 13 2
0.3
Thunderstorm
days per year
160 30 20 40 60 70
120 10

12. RISK REDUCTION OPTIONS
Options addressed:-
Tank & Bund Design & Operation
Incident Detection
Fire Protection Systems
Portable/Mobile Fire Fighting Equipment
Fire Response Strategies
Final options chosen should be based on site-specific analysis

13. RISK REDUCTION OPTIONS
Examples
LASTFIRE
Fire retardant rimseal
Tank Roof
Tank Roof
Fire retardant rimseal
Non fire retardant rimseal
Fire containment
Fire spread

14. RISK REDUCTION OPTIONS
Examples
LASTFIRE
Linear Heat Detector
End-of-line device
FIRE
FAULT 1 2 3 4 5 6
SYSTEM FAULT
ALARM SILENCED
SYSTEM HEALTHY
RESET
SILENCE ALARM
CONTROL ENABLE
Linear Heat Detector
in rimseal area
Tank Roof

15. Lightning Protection
of Floating Roof
Storage Tanks

16. Risk Workbook Computerised version available 4 analyses Database
Rimseal Fire
Spill / Partial Surface Fire
Full Surface Fire
Bund Fire
Database
Help / Advice

17. Fighting Floating Roof Tank
Rimseal Fires

18. Foam Fire Test For
Storage Tank Fires

19. Tank Firefighting
Workshop

20. Full Surface Fire Response
Options
Burn Down
System Application
Monitor Attack

21. Full Surface Fire Response
Pump-out and Controlled Burndown

22. Full Surface Fire Response
Full Surface Foam System

23. Full Surface Fire Response
Monitor Application

24. Time for an update? Developments
LASTFIRE
Time for an update?
Developments
Successful extinguishment of major fires
Increasing concern re environmental issues
Additional Foam test development
New Fire Detection systems
Tank, roof and seal developments
Large capacity mobile response package

25. 82m Tank Fire

26. Objectives of update study
LASTFIRE
Objectives of update study
To continue LASTFIRE’s role as the established recognised international oil companies forum on best practices of
Fire Hazard Management
of Storage Tanks

27. Time for an update? Scope of Work Objectives Review of incidents
LASTFIRE
Time for an update?
Scope of Work
Objectives
Review of incidents
Update database on open top floaters
Extend database to fixed roof and internal floaters
Assess current practices and latest developments in risk reduction measures
Detection systems
Foam systems
Major incident response systems
Tank / seal constructions
Become industry focal point / forum

29. Involvement - Existing and Future Benefits
LASTFIRE
LASTFIRE
Involvement - Existing
and Future Benefits

30. Involvement/Benefits
LASTFIRE
Involvement/Benefits
Direct involvement in development of latest practices, codes and standards
LASTFIRE Risk Reduction Options
Energy Institute IP19
EI / API Lightning Study
Technical input & review

31. Involvement/Benefits
LASTFIRE
Involvement/Benefits
Contribution to LASTFIRE Incident database (anonymously)
Most comprehensive statistical database for tank fires and tank related incidents
Used for input into safety cases and hazard assessments
Database continually updated

32. Involvement/Benefits
LASTFIRE
Involvement/Benefits
Practical guidance on implementation of FEHM Measures
Risk Reduction Options Document
What are the cost effective FEHM measures
What are typical & best practices
Incident prevention, detection, protection and response

33. Involvement/Benefits
LASTFIRE
Involvement/Benefits
Research relevant to tank fires
Boilovers
Vapour suppression
Alternative extinguishing methods
Research Topics

34. LASTFIRE
Boilover Study
Small scale instrumented tests with different crudes and water levels
Time to boilover
Boilover severity

35. Initial work

36. Second phase instrumented tests

37. Third Phase
LASTFIRE

38. Basic Analysis Time to boilover Effect of water/fuel quantity
Fire spread
Tank wall temperatures
Effect of crude composition
Refined products / Biofuels
Model validation
Foam application vs time

39. Diesel / Crude Oil