1. Head and neck tumors

2. Head and neck tumors
Tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, salivary glands, hypopharynx, and larynx. Also tumors of local lymphoid tissue, skin, ear, eye, thyroid gland

3. Risk Smoking and chewing tobacco. Heavy alcohol use.
A diet low in fruits and vegetables.
Chewing betel quid, a stimulant commonly used in parts of Asia.
Being infected with human papilloma virus (HPV).
EBV infection.
plummer-Vinson syndrome.
poor nutrition
ill-fitting dentures and other rough surfaces on the teeth
P53 mutation

4. Risk
Alcohol and tobacco use are the most common risk factors. They are likely synergistic in causing cancer
poor diet resulting in vitamin deficiencies
Environmental carcinogens include occupational exposures such as nickel
BUT- marijuana use was not shown to be associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (potential protective factor against the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

5. Dietary factors
Excessive consumption of processed meats and red meat were associated with increased rates of cancer
Betel nut chewing is associated with an increased risk of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck
Salted fish (nitrites) – nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Consumption of raw and cooked vegetables seemed to be protective.
Vitamin E was not found to prevent the development of leukoplakia

6. Human papillomavirus
HPV16, is a causal factor for some head and neck squamous cell carcinoma . Approximately 15 to 25% contain genomic DNA from HPV,
HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer, with highest distribution in the tonsils, where HPV DNA is found in (45 to 67%) of the cases,
less often in the hypopharynx (13%–25%)
least often in the oral cavity (12%–18%) and larynx (3%–7%).
cancers of the tonsil may be infected with HPV (25%)
Oral sex can result in HPV-related cancer

7. Epstein-Barr virus Associated with nasopharyngeal cancer – high grade.
Nasopharyngeal cancer occurs endemically - Mediterranean countries and Asia, EBV antibody titers can be measured to screen high-risk populations

8. Oral cavity – benign epithelial tumors
Squamous papilloma
less common than in larynx
Adults yrs
HPV 6 and 11
Condyloma accuminatum
young adults – lip, palate
Verruciform xantoma
Middle aged toolder adults
Alveolar ridges

9. Prognosis HPV-positive cancers tend to have higher survival rates.
The prognosis for people with oropharyngeal cancer depends on the age and health of the person and the stage of the disease. It is important for people with oropharyngeal cancer to have follow-up exams for the rest of their lives as cancer can occur in nearby areas.
It is important to eliminate risk factors such as smoking and drinking alcohol, which increase the risk for second cancers
Location and type of tumor

10. Oral cavity – precursor (premalignant lesions)
HIGH-risk lesions
Leukoplakia
Erythroplakia
speckled Erythroplakia (a mixture of both)
chronic hyperplastic candidiasis
dysplasia
Medium- risk lesions
oral submucosal fibrosis
syphilitic glossitis
sideropenic dysphagia
low-risk lesions
oral lichen planus
discoid lupus erythematosus
discoid keratosis congenita

11. Precanceroses

12. Leukoplakia

13. Leukoplakia

14. Leukoplakia

17. High grade dysplasia

19. Erythroplakia
Erythroplakia is a general term for red, flat, or eroded velvety lesions that develop in the mouth.
In this image, an exophytic squamous cell carcinoma is surrounded by a margin of erythroplakia.

20. Erythroplakia

22. Oral cavity – malignant epithelial tumors
Squamous cell carcinoma (the vast majority of head and neck cancers)
Conventional (keratinizing)
Endophytic X exophytic X ulcerated
Nonkeratinizing
HPV16-95%
Asymptomatic neck mass
Verrucous carcinoma
Well differentiated, non metastasizing ca
Spindle cell ca
Adenosquamous carcinoma
Neuroendocrice ca
High grade, poor prognosis

23. Oral cavity – malignant epithelial tumors
Squamous carcinomas – the most common
Prognosis associated with location
Lip (good prognosis)
Tongue (highly aggresive)
Mouth floor (highly aggresive)
Bucal mucosa (highly aggresive)
Gingiva (slow growth)

24. Squamous cell carcinoma

26. Squamous cell carcinoma

27. Squamous cell carcinoma

28. Verrucous carcinoma

29. Oral cavity, mesenchymal tu
Vascular
Pyegenic granuloma (Lobular capillary hemangioma), lip, tongue, gingival and bucal mucosa
Hemangioma
Lymphangioma
Kaposi´s sarcoma

30. Oral cavity, mesenchymal tu
Peripheral ossifying tumor
Gingiva, along incisors
Peripheral giant cell granuloma
Gingiva along incisors, caused by chronic irritation
Congenital granular cell epulis
Lipoma
Osteoma (torus palatinus, mandibularis)‏
Fibrosarcoma

31. Fibroepithelial polyp

32. Fibroepithelial polyp

33. Oral cavity, neuroectodermal tu
Neurinoma
Neurofibroma
Melanocytic nevus
Malignant melanoma
60 yrs (20-80)
More aggresive than cutaneous

34. Odontogenic tumor Rare, from remnants od dental crest Classification:
Epithelial
Mesenchymal
Mixed

35. Epithelial odontogenic tumors
Ameloblastoma (adamantinoma)‏
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor
(Pindborg´s tumor)‏, slowly growing, painless, posterior mandible
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor
Anterior portion of maxila, younger than 30, females,
Squamous odontogenic tumor
Malignant ameloblastoma and ameloblastic carcinoma
(1% of ameloblastomas)

36. Ameloblastoma (Adamantinoma)
The most common
Manifestation yrs
Mandibula
Cystic, ill.defined borders – destructive growts,
histology: Histopathology will show cells that have the tendency to move the nucleus away from the basement membrane. This process is referred to as "Reverse Polarization". The follicular type will have outer arrangement of columnar or palisaded ameloblast like cells and inner zone of triangular shaped cells resembling stellate reticulum
Commom reccurences
May be malignant transformation

37. Ameloblastoma (adamantinoma)

39. Ameloblastoma

40. Ameloblastoma

41. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor

42. Mezenchymal odontogenic tumors
Cementoblastoma
Cemento-ossifying fibroma fibrom
Odontogenic fibroma
Odontogenic myxoma

43. Mesenchymal odontogenic tumors
Cementoblastoma
Childhood
Both jaws
Cementoblastic proliferation around molars

44. Cementoblastoma

45. Cementoblastoma

46. Mesenchymal odontogenic tumors
Odontogenic myxoma
arising from embryonic connective tissue associated with tooth formation.
consists mainly of spindle shaped cells and scattered collagen fibers distributed through a loose, mucoid material.
young people
ill - defined borders
bone resorption
Local infiltration
high recurrence rate

47. Mesenchymal odontogenic tumors Odontogenic myxoma

48. Mezenchymal odontogenic tumors Odontogenic myxoma

49. Mesenchymal odontogenic tumors
Odontogenic fibroma
55% in mandible 45% in maxilla
2/3 of maxillary tumors found in the anterior segment
4-80 years
Females 69%
Recurrence rate is low
Cellular tumor with minimal ground substance and droplets of calcified matrix representing bone or atubular dentin
Small round nests and irregular clusters of epithelial cells

50. Mesenchymal odontogenic tumors Odontogenic fibroma

51. Mixed odontogenic tumors
Odontomas
Dentinom
Ameloblastic fibroma
Ameloblastic fibroodontoma
Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma
Odontogenic carcinosarcoma

52. Mixed odontogenic tumors
Ameloblastic fibroma
Childhood, adolescence
Ameloblastic fibromas are neoplasms of odontogenic epithelium and mesenchymal tissues
2% of odontogenic tumors
Uni or multilocular cysts

53. Mixed odontogenic tumors Ameloblastic fibroma

54. Ameloblastic fibroma

55. Mixed odontogenic tumors
Odontoma
66% of odontogenic tumors are odontomas
hamartoma
Between 10. and 20 years
More often in maxila
compound odontoma - three separate dental tissues (enamel, dentin and cementum) no definitive demarcation of separate tissues between the individual "toothlets
Complex odontoma - type is unrecognizable as dental tissues, usually presenting as a radioopaque area with varying densities.

56. Mixed odontogenic tumors Odontoma

57. Mixed odontogenic tumors Odontoma

59. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma
Rare malignant variant of ameloblastic fibroma
Invazive and destructive growth, minimal metastases

60. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma

61. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma

62. Nonodontogenic tumors of jaws
Benign fibro-osseous lesions
Fibrous dysplasia (polyostotic, monoostotic
Juvenile ossifying fibroma
Cemento osseous dysplasia
Giant cell lesions
Central giant cell granuloma (osteolytic, mostly mandible)
Brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism
cherubism

63. Salivary gland tumor
Salivary gland neoplasms make up 6% of all head and neck tumors
Salivary gland neoplasms most commonly appear in the sixth decade of life. Patients with malignant lesions typically present after age 60 years, whereas those with benign lesions usually present when older than 40 years. Benign neoplasms occur more frequently in women than in men, but malignant tumors are distributed equally between the sexes.
80% arise in the parotid glands, 10-15% arise in the submandibular glands, and the remainder arise in the sublingual and minor salivary glands. Almost 50% submandibular gland neoplasms and most sublingual and minor salivary gland tumors are malignant.

64. Most patients with salivary gland neoplasms present with a slowly enlarging painless mass.
Laryngeal salivary gland neoplasms may produce airway obstruction, dysphagia, or hoarseness.
Minor salivary tumors of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinus can manifest with nasal obstruction or sinusitis. Facial paralysis or other neurologic deficit associated with a salivary gland mass indicates malignancy.
Pain may be a feature associated with both benign and malignant tumors. Pain may arise from suppuration or hemorrhage into a mass or from infiltration of a malignancy into adjacent tissue.

65. malignant epithelial tumors
benign epithelial tumors
soft tissue tumors (Hemangioma)
hematolymphoid tumors (e.g. Hodgkin lymphoma)
secondary tumors

66. Benign lesion Pleiomorphic adenoma Myoepithelioma Basal cell adenoma
Warthin´s tumor
Oncocytoma
Cystadenoma
Canalicular adenoma

67. Malignant tumors Acinic cell carcinoma Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Salivary duct carcinoma
Myoepithelialcarcinoma
Carcinoma ex pleimorphic adenoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Epi-myoepithelial cyrcinoma
Cystadenocarcinoma

70. Salivary gland neoplasms are rare in children
Salivary gland neoplasms are rare in children. Most tumors (65%) are benign, with hemangiomas being the most common, followed by pleomorphic adenomas.
35% of salivary gland neoplasms are malignant. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common salivary gland malignancy in children.

71. Pleomorphic adenoma
common benign salivary gland neoplasm characterised by neoplastic proliferation of parenchymatous glandular cells along with myoepithelial components, having a malignant potentiality.
It is the most common type of salivary gland tumor and the most common tumor of the parotid gland.
It derives its name from the architectural pleomorphism (variable appearance) seen by light microscopy. It is also known as "Mixed tumor, which describes its pleomorphic appearance as opposed to its dual origin from epithelial and myoepithelial elements

74. Warthin's tumor the second most common benign parotid tumor.
strong association with cigarette smoking. Smokers are at 8 times greater risk of developing Warthin's tumor than the general population
Warthin's tumor primarily affects older individuals (age 60–70 years). There is a slight female predilection according to recent studies, but historically it has been associated with a strong male predilection.