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Organization of the Body Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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The Human Body The structure of a part suits the function of a part oAnatomy – structure of a part oPhysiology – function of a part
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Organization of Body Parts oLevels of Organization Chemical Cellular Tissue Organs Organ Systems Organism
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Anatomical Terms Used to describe: oLocation of body parts oRegions of the body oImaginary planes by which the body can be sectioned
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Anatomical Terms Anatomical position – common reference point for all anatomical terms
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Anatomical Terms Directional Terms oAnterior (ventral)/Posterior (dorsal) oSuperior/Inferior oMedial/Lateral oProximal/Distal oSuperficial/Deep oCentral/Peripheral oIpsilateral/Contralateral
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Anatomical Terms Regions of the Body oAxial portion – head, neck, and trunk oAppendicular portion – upper and lower limbs
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Anatomical Terms Planes and Sections of the Body oSagittal (median) plane – divides body into right and left portions oFrontal (coronal) plane – divides body into anterior and posterior portions oTransverse (horizontal) plane – divides body into superior and inferior portions
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Body Cavities and Membranes oPosterior (dorsal) Cranial cavity – contains the brain Vertebral canal – contains the spinal cord Meninges – membranous layers lining dorsal body cavity
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Body Cavities and Membranes oAnterior (ventral) Thoracic cavity Medial portion (mediastinum) – contains the heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, and other structures Right and left portions – contain the lungs
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Body Cavities and Membranes oAnterior (ventral) Abdominopelvic cavity Superior portion (abdominal cavity) – contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and most of the small and large intestines Inferior portion (pelvic cavity) – contains the rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and the rest of the large intestine
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Body Cavities and Membranes oParietal serous membrane – line walls of anterior body cavities Thoracic cavity Parietal Pleura – lines thoracic cavity Parietal pericardium – creates pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Parietal peritoneum – lines the wall of the abdominal cavity
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Body Cavities and Membranes oVisceral serous membrane – covers organs of the anterior body cavity Thoracic cavity Visceral pleura – covers lung tissue Visceral pericardium – covers heart Abdominopelvic cavity Visceral peritoneum – covers many organs in abdominopelvic cavity
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Body Cavities and Membranes oAbdominopelvic regions Nine regions Four quadrants
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Organ Systems Support, Movement, and Protection oIntegumentary System oSkeletal System oMuscular System
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Organ Systems Integration and Coordination oNervous System oEndocrine System
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Organ Systems Maintenance of the Body oCardiovascular System oRespiratory System oDigestive System oUrinary System
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Organ Systems Reproduction and Development oMale Reproductive System oFemale Reproductive System
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Homeostasis Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the body’s internal environment oExternal conditions may change dramatically oInternal conditions stay within a narrow range oDynamic equilibrium – internal conditions are not absolutely constant oIllness results if internal conditions change to any great degree
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Homeostasis oComponents of homeostatic mechanisms Sensor – detects a change in the internal environment Control center – activates the effector Effector – produces a response to the change
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Homeostasis Negative Feedback oPrimary homeostatic mechanism oEffector reverses the change in the internal environment
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Homeostasis Positive Feedback oEffector continues to stimulate the sensor so that a greater change in the internal environment occurs oHelps in completing a process that has a cutoff point Blood clotting Childbirth oCan be harmful
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Homeostasis Homeostasis and Body Systems oAll body systems contribute towards maintaining homeostasis oDisease occurs when homeostasis fails Local disease – restricted to a specific part of the body Systemic disease – affects several organ systems or the entire body Acute diseases – occur suddenly and last a short time Chronic diseases – develop slowly and are long term
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