1. Respiratory System
Chapter 16

2. Components Tubes that filter incoming air
Air transported to alveoli (gas exchange)

3. respiration
Respiration: process of gas exchange between atmosphere and body cells
Consists of
Ventilation
Gas exchange between blood and lungs
Gas transport in the bloodstream
Gas exchange between the blood and body cells
Cellular respiration

4. organs
Upper Respiratory Tract (nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx)
Lower Respiratory Tract (larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs)

5. Front
alsinus
Nasal
cavity
Soft palate
Hard
palate
Pharynx
Nostril
Epiglottis
Oral
cavity
Esophagus
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Right lung
Left lung

6. nose Supported by bone and cartilage Provides an entrance for air
Nostril hair filters air

7. Nasal cavity Posterior to nose Cavity has passageways
Lined with mucous membranes and help increase the surface area available to warm and filter incoming air
Particles in air can get trapped in mucus….
What will flush the mucus out?
Where will mucus go?
Cilia; pharynx; swallow; gastric juice

8. Sinuses Air filled spaces in skull Open to nasal cavity
Lined with mucus
Function: lighten skull; resonates voice

9. pharynx
Food and air pass through
Helps produce speech sounds

10. Superior Middle Frontal sinus Inferior Sphenoidal sinus Nostril
Nasal
conchae
Frontal sinus
Inferior
Sphenoidal sinus
Nostril
Pharyngeal tonsil
Hard palate
Nasopharynx
Opening of
auditory tube
Uvula
Palatine tonsil
Tongue
Oropharynx
Lingual tonsil
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Esophagus
Trachea

11. larynx Between pharynx and trachea Functions:
Prevents particles from entering trachea
Holds vocal cords

12. Epiglottic cartilage
Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Hyoid bone
Epiglottic cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea

13. Vocal cords Two pairs Changing tension controls pitch
Changing force of air controls loudness

14. Epiglottis
Flap that covers trachea during swallowing

15. trachea Anterior to esophagus…..why? Extends into thoracic cavity
Separates into right and left bronchi
Inner wall lined with cilia and mucus……why?
20 cartilaginous rings

16. Bronchial tree Branched tubes leading from trachea to alveoli
Starts with two main bronchi (right and left….each leads to a lung)
Bronchi lead to bronchioles

17. alveoli
Bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts, which lead to alveolar sacs, then end in alveoli
Gas exchange between blood and air

18. Larynx
Trachea
Right superior (upper) lobe
Left superior
(upper) lobe
Right main (primary)
bronchus
Lobar (secondary)
bronchus
Segmental (tertiary)
bronchus
Terminal bronchiole
Right inferior (lower) lobe
Left inferior
(lower) lobe
Right middle lobe
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolus

19. Pulmonary
venule
Blood flow
Intralobular bronchiole
Pulmonary
arteriole
Smooth muscle
Blood flow
Alveolus
Pulmonary
artery
Capillary network on
surface of alveolus
Pulmonary
vein
Terminal
bronchiole
Respiratory
bronchiole
Alveolar
duct
Alveolar
sac
Alveoli

21. lungs Right and left Separated by mediastinum
Right has 3 lobes, left has 2 lobes
Separated by mediastinum
Enclosed by diaphragm and thoracic cage (ribs)
Bronchus and blood vessels enter each lung

22. Plane of
section
Heart
Visceral
pleura
Pericardial
cavity
Parietal
pleura
Pericardium
Pleura
Right pleural
cavity
Left pleural
cavity

23. Breathing mechanism Ventilation
Composed of two parts: inspiration and exhalation

24. Inspiration Flow of air into lungs
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
The size of the thoracic cavity increases
Increase in volume of cavity = decrease in pressure so air flows from high to low pressure

26. exhalation Air leaving lungs
Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity
As muscles relax, air is pushed out of lungs

28. Intra-alveolar
pressure
(760 mm Hg)
Intra-alveolar
pressure
(758 mm Hg)
Diaphragm