1. ANIMAL DIVERSITY

2. YOU MUST KNOW… THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS
THE STAGES OF ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT
HOW TO SORT THE ANIMAL PHYLA BASED ON SYMMETRY, DEVLOPMENT OF A BODY CAVITY, AND THE FATE OF THE BLASTOPORE

3. CONCEPT 32.1
ANIMALS ARE MULTICELLULAR, HETEROTROPHIC EUKARYOTES WITH TISSUES THAT DEVELOP FROM EMBRYONIC LAYERS

4. MOST HAVE MUSCLE AND NERVOUS TISSUE
MOST REPRODUCE SEXUALLY, WITH FLAGELLATED SPERM AND A LARGE EGG UNITING TO FORM A DIPLOID ZYGOTE
THE DIPLOID STAGE DOMINATES THE LIFE CYCLE

5. ZYGOTE – FERTILIZED EGG
CLEAVAGES – SUCCESSIVE MITOTIC CELL DIVISIONS WITHOUT CELL GROWTH BETWEEN CYCLES
BLASTULA – A HOLLOW BALL OF CELLS SURROUNDING A CAVITY CALLED THE BLASTOCOEL
GASTRULA – AS BLASTULA IS “PUNCHED IN,” THE EMBRYONIC TISSUE LAYERS WILL FORM

7. ECTODERM – THE OUTER TISSUE LAYER
ENDODERM – THE INNER TISSUE LAYER
BLASTOPORE – THE OPENING INTO THE GASTRULA, IT WILL BECOME THE MOUTH IN PROTOSTOMES AND THE ANUS IN DEUTEROSTOMES
ARCHENTERON – THE BLIND POUCH FORMED BY GASTRULATION

8. LARVAE – AN IMMATURE FORM DISTINCT FROM THE ADULT STAGE THAT WILL UNDERGO METAMORPHOSIS
HOX GENES – ANIMALS SHARE THESE UNIQUE HOMEOBOX-CONTAINING FAMILY OF GENES THAT PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN DEVELOPMENT

10. CONCEPT 32.2
ANIMALS CAN BE CHARACTERIZED BY “BODY PLANS”

11. NO SYMMETRY – SPONGES
RADIAL SYMMETRY – OCCURS IN JELLYFISH AND OTHER ORGANSIMS WHERE A LINE GOES THROUGH THE CENTRAL AXIS
BILATERAL SYMMETRY – LOBSTERS, HUMANS, AND OTHER ORGANISMS WHERE A SINGLE LINE WOULD DIVIDE THE ANIMAL INTO TWO MIRROR IMAGE HALVES
THERE IS ALSO A DORSAL AND VENTRAL SIDE, AND AN ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR SIDE

13. CEPHALIZATION – CONCENTRATION OF SENSORY EQUIPMENT AT ONE END (USUALLY ANTERIOR OR HEAD END)
ACOELOMATES – FLATWORMS, HAVE NO CAVITIES BETWEEN THEIR ALIMENTARY CANAL AND THE OUTER WALL OF THEIR BODIES
PSEUDOCOELOMATES – TRIPLOBLASTIC ANIMALS (3 TISSUE LAYERS) WITH A CAVITY FORMED FROM THE MESODERM AND ENDODERM
COELOMATES – POSSESS TRUE COELOM, A BODY CAVITY FILLED WITH FLUID AND THIS SPACE SEPARATES THE DIGESTIVE TRACT FROM THE OUTER BODY WALL. FORMS FROM TISSUE DERIVED FROM MESODERM ONLY.

14. FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY CAVITY
CUSHION SUSPENDED ORGANS
ACT AS A HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
ENABLE INTERNAL ORGANS TO GROW AND MOVE INDEPENDENTLY

15. 3 DIFFERENCES IN PROTOSTOMES AND DEUTEROSTOMES
CLEAVAGE – PROTOSTOME BEGINS WITH SPIRAL, DETERMINATE CLEAVAGE AND DEUTEROSTOME BEGIN BY RADIAL, INDETERMINATE CLEAVAGE

16. PROTOSTOME any member of the lower invertebrate phyla
the mouth appears before the anus during development, cleavage is spiral and determinate, and the coelom forms as a splitting of the mesoderm

17. DEUTEROSTOME a mouth that develops separately from the blastopore
any member of the phyla (Chordata, Hemichordata, Echinodermata, Chaetognatha)
the anus appears first, developing at or near the blastopore, cleavage is radial and indeterminate, and the mesoderm and coelom form from outgrowths of the primitive gut

18. COELOM FORMATION – BEGINS IN THE GASTRULA STAGE IN PROTOSTOMES AND THE COELOM FORMS FROM SPLITS IN THE MESODERM. IN DEUTEROSTOMES, THE COELOM FORMS FROM MESODERMAL OUTPOCKETINGS OF THE ARCHENTERON

19. FATE OF THE BLASTOPORE – IN PROTOSTOMES DEVELOPMENT, THE MOUTH FORMS FROM THE BLASTOPORE WHERE IN THE DEUTEROSTOME DEVELOPMENT, THE MOUTH FORMS FROM A SECONDARY OPENING