2. Digital Rights Management (DRM) Goal: Provide access control to digital content in order to support a variety of business models. Technical Challenge: How to protect the digital content from unauthorized access and use? Interface Challenge: How to minimize the difficulties imposed on consumers? Social Challenge: How to build mechanisms that match socially-expected capabilities?

3. DRM Basics Users license rather than own content Access/use rules embedded in content file License is separate Components of Model – Content provider – Distributor – Clearinghouse – Consumer Viewers built to support DRM

4. Security in DRM Persistent content protection – Has to stay with content throughout Trust model is different than many – Most cryptography is aimed at untrustworthy transport between two trusted parties – Here, one party is untrustworthy Hard to crack is not good enough – Once it is cracked by one person copies can be made – Or process for cracking can be shared to those without necessary skills

5. Cryptographic Mechanisms Symmetric encryption – Secret key encryption Asymmetric encryption – Related public and private keys Digital certificates – Authentication of distributors Digital signatures & one-way hash functions – Signatures provided by clearinghouse act as proof of rights purchase

6. Security Continued Individualization – Encryption may be coded based on information about user or hardware Digital Watermarking – Data attached to decoded content that identifies copyright holder, distributor, distribution chain, purchaser, decoding parties, etc. Tamper resistance – Software approach – code conversion and OS control – Hardware approach – require hardware keys and testing

7. Personalized Encryption One view of this Encoded Content Access rules metadata Personalized decryption code Access rights Content FileLicense File

8. Legal and Social Issues DMCA, etc. are part of life now Making it illegal to crack DRM regardless of use Fair Use Privacy and Anonymity Usability

9. Arguments for DRMS DRMS enable control of access and usage on content DRMS assure authenticity and integrity of content DRMS allows protection and enables monetization of content DRMS automate and reduce complexity of rights management DRMS enables new business models DRMS allows consumers to pay based on usage

10. Arguments against DRMS DRMS ignore fair use and private copy rights DRMS restricts innovation, research, free speech, public access DRMS are idiosyncratic and interact poorly DRMS are difficult to implement to fit into the open system of the Internet DRMS can undermine user privacy DRMS stifle potentially valuable reuse of content

11. Difficulties DRM software can damage device – Sony BMG copy protection rootkit Lack of easy mobility across devices for some Community backlash against DRM-protected content

12. Industries for DRMS Music Movies E-books, magazines, etc. Games Healthcare Organization document management

13. DRM Today You use it – iPad, Kindle, NetFlix, etc. High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) – DisplayPort, DVI, HDMI Persistent On-line Authentication – Some publishers have moved away from this due to pushback – MMOG’s require it for obvious reasons

14. DRM in the News (2012) Fujitsu Licenses ContentGuard Digital Rights Management Technology – http://www.marketwatch.com/story/fujitsu-licenses- contentguard-digital-rights-management-technology-2012-03- 26 http://www.marketwatch.com/story/fujitsu-licenses- contentguard-digital-rights-management-technology-2012-03- 26 What book publishers should learn from Harry Potter – http://gigaom.com/2012/03/27/what-book-publishers-should- learn-from-harry-potter/ http://gigaom.com/2012/03/27/what-book-publishers-should- learn-from-harry-potter/ Ubisoft wants DRM to 'go away' – http://www.bcs.org/content/conWebDoc/44114 http://www.bcs.org/content/conWebDoc/44114 Who Holds the Keys? – http://www.arnnet.com.au/article/419643/who_holds_keys_/?f p=4&fpid=1382389953 http://www.arnnet.com.au/article/419643/who_holds_keys_/?f p=4&fpid=1382389953

15. DRM in the News (2014) Keurig 2.0 pod DRM will lock out unofficial coffee pods – http://www.slashgear.com/keurig-2-0-pod- drm-will-lock-out-unofficial-coffee-pods-03319137/ http://www.slashgear.com/keurig-2-0-pod- drm-will-lock-out-unofficial-coffee-pods-03319137/ Top Shelf Trying DRM-Free Digital On For Size – http://comicbook.com/blog/2014/02/19/ top-shelf-trying-drm-free-digital-on-for-size/ http://comicbook.com/blog/2014/02/19/ top-shelf-trying-drm-free-digital-on-for-size/ Studio gives Kickstarter Veronica Mars movie backers substandard, DRM-crippled "rewards“ – http://boingboing.net/2014/03/16/studio-gives-kickstarter-veron.html http://boingboing.net/2014/03/16/studio-gives-kickstarter-veron.html The Messaging Around Xbox One's DRM Was Confused, Says Phil Spencer – http://www.cinemablend.com/games/Messaging-Around-Xbox-One-DRM-Was- Confused-Says-Phil-Spencer-62830.html http://www.cinemablend.com/games/Messaging-Around-Xbox-One-DRM-Was- Confused-Says-Phil-Spencer-62830.html

16. Videos Richard Stallman, President of Free Software Foundation, – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8p9IU4 zp7mU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8p9IU4 zp7mU Rob Reid, Founder of Listen.com which launched the Rhapsody music service – http://www.ted.com/talks/rob_reid_the_8_ billion_ipod.html http://www.ted.com/talks/rob_reid_the_8_ billion_ipod.html