1. MUSIC 150 MUSICAL ACOUSTICS BRASS INSTRUMENTS REFERENCE: CHAPTER 11 IN SCIENCE OF SOUND CHAPTER 14 IN THE PHYSICS OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

2. SOME BRASS INSTRUMENTS PLAYING RANGES

3. COMPARISON OF BRASS INSTRUMENTS

4. RESONANCES OF OPEN AND CLOSED PIPES

5. OSCILLATIONS IN A PIPE THE AIR COLUMN OF A B b TRUMPET HAS A LENGTH OF ABOUT 140 cm. THE RESONANCES OF A CLOSED PIPE OF THIS LENGTH SHOULD OCCUR AT: f n = nc/4L = 343 n/4(1.4) = 61.3 n (n = 1, 3, 5, 7,...) = 61, 184, 306, 429... Hz ONE WAY TO STUDY THE RESONANCES OF A PIPE (OR A WIND INSTRUMENT) IS TO MAKE A GRAPH OF ITS ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE AS A FUNCTION OF FREQUENCY ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE IS SOUND PRESSURE DIVIDED BY VOLUME VELOCITY Z = p/U

6. APPARATUS FOR GRAPHING THE ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE OF WIND INSTRUMENTS

7. FEEDBACK

8. INPUT VALVES

9. REED-GENERATOR CONFIGURATIONS (a)Corresponds to a woodwind reed (b) Corresponds to brass player’s lips (c) Alternative model of brass player’s lips

10. BENADE’S “WATER TRUMPET” (INPUT VALVE IS CONTROLLED BY PRESSURE FEEDBACK)

11. MOUTHPIECE

13. THE BELL: CHANGES THE FREQUENCIES AND HEIGHTS OF THE IMPEDANCE PEAKS CHANGES THE RADIATION PATTERN (More directional) CHANGES THE SPECTRUM OF THE RADIATED SOUND ALLOWS MORE EFFICIENT SOUND RADIATION (MATCHES IMPEDANCES)

14. IMPEDANCES COMPARED TO A MUSICAL SCALE

15. REFLECTION POINT IN THE BELL THE TURNING POINT MOVES OUTWARD IN THE BELL AS THE FREQUENCY INCREASES MODE FREQUENCIES ARE NEARLY IN THE RATIOS 0.8 : 2 : 3 : 4

16. BERNOULLI EFFECT REDUCED PRESSURE IN THE CENTER SECTION CAUSES THE LIQUID IN THE U- TUBE TO STAND AT A HIGHER LEVEL REDUCED PRESSURE IN AIR JET FROM A VACUUM CLEANER HOSE GIVES RISE TO A NET UPWARD FORCE F B BLOWING DOWNWARD THROUGH THE SPOOL CAUSES AIR TO FLOW OUTWARD, SUPPORTING A CARD AND PIN BY MEANS OF THE BERNOULLI FORCE

17. SLIDES AND VALVES PLAYING POSITIONS OF A TROMBONE SLIDE PRESSING DOWN ON TRUMPET VALVE LENGTHENS THE THE TRUMPET TUBING

18. IMPEDANCE CURVES FOR TWO TROMBONES

19. HAND IN A FRENCH HORN BELL

20. PRESSURE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE A TRUMPET

21. SHOCK WAVES IN BRASS INSTRUMENTS ONLY A SMALL PART OF THE SOUND ENERGY THAT REACHES THE BELL IS RADIATED; THE REST IS REFLECTED SOUND LEVELS AS HIGH AS 175 dB INSIDE A TRUMPET NONLINEAR EFFECTS CREATE SHOCK WAVES

22. TRANSIENTS TRANSIENTS ARE IMPORTANT IN IDENTIFYING MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS (see Section 7.11) BELOW CUTOFF: FEEDBACK STABILIZES OSCILLATION ABOVE CUTOFF: PARTIALS BUILD UP SLOWLY WITHOUT STRONG FEEDBACK LIPS ARE MORE OR LESS “ON THEIR OWN” UNTIL THE FIRST REFLECTED WAVE COMES BACK TO ATTACK A NOTE CORRECTLY REQUIRES TRAINED LIPS (ESPECIALLY ON A FRENCH HORN)

23. MUTES

24. VIBRATIONS OF A TROMBONE BELL

25. PERFORMANCE

26. OBSERVING THE LIPS THROUGH A GLASS MOUTHPIECE WINDOW