1. Avian Bornavirus: A Common and Emerging Pathogen in North American Waterfowl

2. Avian Bornavirus Order Mononegavirales; Family Bornaviridae Order Mononegavirales; Family Bornaviridae Enveloped Enveloped Non-segmented, negative strand RNA genome; encodes 6 proteins Non-segmented, negative strand RNA genome; encodes 6 proteins Neurotropic Neurotropic Replication is nuclear, non-cytopathic, highly cell-associated Replication is nuclear, non-cytopathic, highly cell-associated ABV-CG infected DEF showing intense nuclear staining (anti-N) and diffuse cytoplasmic staining

3. N G M P L X Enveloped Helical nucleocapsid Single glycoprotein Anatomy of a bornavirus

4. Genome Arrangement S1S3 S2 T1T3T2T4 5’ 3’ S1-3 transcript Start sites T1-4 transcript Termination sites At least 8 transcripts generated by use of alternative transcript start and stop sites and splicing

5. BORNA Type Species: Borna disease virus (BDV) Until 2008 the only bornavirus Highly neurotropic Highly neurotropic

6. The highest mortality is in horses and sheep The highest mortality is in horses and sheep BDV infects other mammals, including cats (staggering disease) and humans (psychiatric disease?) BDV infects other mammals, including cats (staggering disease) and humans (psychiatric disease?) Natural transmission of BDV via small mammalian vectors (and birds?) Natural transmission of BDV via small mammalian vectors (and birds?) Borna Disease Bank vole Bi-colored white toothed shrew

7. Neurologic and Digestive tract components Major killer of parrots in aviculture since the 1970s Avian bornavirus identified at the etiologic agent in 2008 ‘Avian Bornavirus Syndrome’ Ataxia Blindness Abnormal head movements Seizures Neuronal Signs Gastrointestinal Signs Undigested food Diarrhea Weight loss Starvation Enlarged proventriculus ABV Transmission: Fecal Oral Airborne spread Vertical transmission

8. ABV4 and ABV2 are by far the most common in the captive parrot population

9. Proventricular Impaction Associated with Nonsuppurative Encephalomyelitis and Ganglioneuritis in 2 Canada Geese. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1991. 27:513- 517 When and how did avian bornavirus enter the captive parrot population?

10. Detection of ABV in Cloacal Swabs 4% 2.7% 6.4% Samples were collected by USDA-Fish and Wildlife services, 2007 - 2009 for H5N1 AIV detection Used RT-PCR to test > 600 samples

11. Incidence of ABV RNA in Brain Samples No. individuals 44% 9% 14.5% 19% 10% 24% 33% 6.5% 22% 8.3% 15.3% Culled for airplane avoidance

12. Avian Bornavirus in Waterfowl

13. (0/7) (0/4) (4/36) (0/7) (4/12) (0/1) (0/35) Incidence of ABV in Gulls in NY and NJ

14. Mute Swan MallardGull Canada Goose

15. ABV1 ABV2 ABV3 ABV4 ABV5 ABV7 ABV Canada goose ABV Canary BDV ABV EF Units of measure are substitutions per nucleotide of the bornavirus genome Bornavirus phylogeny (2012) 81 – 83% nt identity 70 – 72% nt identity

17. ABV1 ABV2 ABV3 ABV4 ABV5 ABV7 ABV Canada goose ABV Canary BDV ABV EF Units of measure are substitutions per nucleotide of the bornavirus genome Bornavirus phylogeny (2014) 81 – 83% nt identity 70 – 72% nt identity

18. Is ABV a major cause of morbidity and mortality in wild birds?

19. Retrospective Study: Canada Geese and Trumpeter Swans Delnatte, P. Ojkic, D. DeLay, J. Campbell, D., Crawshaw, G & D. Smith. 2013. Pathology and diagnosis of avian bornavirus infection in wild Canada geese (Branta canadensis), trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) and mute swans (Cygnus olor) in Canada: a retrospective study. Avian Pathology, 42:2, 114-128, DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.769669 Samples collected between 1992 and 2011 51 samples met the case criteria (non-supportive encephalitis, no diagnosis) 40 (78%) were ABV positive 9 ‘control’ samples 1 (11%) was ABV positive

20. Lymphocytic infiltrates in brain of a PCR positive gull Gull, New Jersey, US

21. Mallard 89 (2014) retina, IHC00 ABV antigen in retina of a PCR positive mallard duck

22. Ongoing study: ABV infection in a Canada goose with ataxia and weight- loss (2014)* Maureen Murray, DVM, DABVP Clinical Assistant Professor Wildlife Clinic Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine *Submitted to the Wildlife Clinic, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine PCR + Virus growth + Lymphocytic infiltrates (H&E) + Immunohistochemistry (ABV N) +

23. Ongoing study: White-winged dove* Neurologic signs PCR + (ABV2) Lymphocytic infiltrates (H&E) + Immunohistochemistry (ABV N) + *Submitted to Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine

24. ABV1 ABV2 ABV3 ABV4 ABV5 ABV7 ABV Canada goose ABV Canary BDV ABV EF Units of measure are substitutions per nucleotide of the bornavirus genome Bornavirus phylogeny (2014) 81 – 83% nt identity 70 – 72% nt identity

25. Acknowledgements Texas A&M Jianhua Guo Lina Covaleda Negin Yousefpour Sameer Hamid Jean Leal de Araujo Debra Turner J. Jill Heatley Sharman Hoppes Jeffrey Musser Ian Tizard USDA/APHIS Wildlife Services Seth Swafford John Barock California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory H. L. Shivaprasad University of Guelph Dale Smith Pauline Delnatte This work was funded in part by the Richard M Schubot Endowment at Texas A&M University.

26. January 15, 2009, US Airways Flight 1549 Do ABV-infected geese get out of the way?