1. Strategy Analysis & Choice Contrasting strategy formulation and strategy implementation –Formulation is positioning forces before the action –Implementation is managing forces during the action Implementing Strategies: Management Issues

2. Overview Aligning People Behind Strategy Managing Conflict Organizational structures Managing change Organisational culture Stakeholder analysis Implementation steps Managing Knowledge & technology

3. Strategy Analysis & Choice Contrasting strategy formulation and strategy implementation –Formulation focuses on effectiveness –Implementation focuses on efficiency Implementing Strategies: Management Issues

4. Strategy Analysis & Choice Contrasting strategy formulation and strategy implementation –Formulation is primarily an intellectual process –Implementation is primarily an operational process Implementing Strategies: Management Issues

5. Strategy Analysis & Choice Contrasting strategy formulation and strategy implementation –Formulation requires good intuitive and analytical skills –Implementation requires special motivation and leadership skills Implementing Strategies: Management Issues

6. Strategy Analysis & Choice Contrasting strategy formulation and strategy implementation –Formulation requires coordination among a few individuals –Implementation requires coordination among many persons Implementing Strategies: Management Issues

7. Strategy Analysis & Choice Strategy implementation – –Varies among different types and sizes of organizations Implementing Strategies: Management Issues

8. Strategy Analysis & Choice Strategy implementation Actions – –Altering sales territories –Adding new departments –Closing facilities –Hiring new employees –Cost-control procedures –Changing advertising strategies –Building new facilities Implementing Strategies: Management Issues

9. Formulation to Implementation transition – –Shift in responsibility From strategists to division and functional managersFrom strategists to division and functional managers Management Perspectives

10. Aligning People Behind Strategy Strategy would be difficult to implement if there is resistance Requires two area: - Relationship Management: support change agents & supporters; don’t alienate gatekeepers & others - Need key influencing skills: keep momentum towards change & coalition building

11. Managing Conflict Conflict – Disagreement between two or more parties on one or more issues

12. Managing Conflict Conflict is not always “bad”Conflict is not always “bad” Absence of conflictAbsence of conflict –Signal indifference or apathy Can energize opposing groups to actionCan energize opposing groups to action May help managers identify problemsMay help managers identify problems

13. Managing Conflict Conflict Management and Resolution –Avoidance –Defusion –Confrontation

14. Matching Structure with Strategy Changes in Strategy Changes in Structure 1.Structure largely dictates how objectives and policies will be established. 2.Structure dictates how resources will be allocated

15. Basic Forms of Structure Basic Forms of Structure 1.Functional Structure Groups tasks and activities by business function 2.Divisional Structure Decentralized and organized by geography, product, customer, or process

16. Basic Forms of Structure Basic Forms of Structure 3.Strategic Business Unit Structure (SBU) Groups similar divisions; delegates authority and responsibility to SBU executive 4.Matrix Structure Most complex of all designs. Depends upon both vertical and horizontal flows of authority and communication

17. Managing Resistance to Change Resistance to change – –Single greatest threat to successful strategy implementation

18. Managing Resistance to Change Change raises anxiety over fear of: –Economic loss –Inconvenience –Uncertainty –Break in status-quo

19. Change Strategies Force Change StrategyForce Change Strategy Educative Change StrategyEducative Change Strategy Rational or Self-Interest Change StrategyRational or Self-Interest Change Strategy

20. Creating a Strategy-Supportive Culture Strategists should strive to preserve, emphasize, and build upon aspects of existing culture that support new strategies.

21. Creating a Strategy-Supportive Culture Elements linking culture to strategy: 1.Formal statements of philosophy, charters, etc. used for recruitment and selection, and socialization 2.Designing of physical spaces, facades, buildings 3.Deliberate role modeling, teaching and coaching 4.Explicit reward and status system, promotion criteria 5.Stories, legends, myths about key people and events 6.What leaders pay attention to, measure and control 7.Leader reactions to critical incidents and crises 8.How the organization is designed and structured 9.Organizational systems and procedures 10.Criteria used for recruitment, selection, promotion, retirement

22. Prioritising Implementation Root Cause (Fishbone analysis) From –To - Analysis Attractiveness – Difficulty Analysis Wishbone Analysis

23. Implementation Strategy Force-Field Analysis Stakeholder Analysis: Steps: - identify key stakeholders - evaluate whether they have high, medium or low influence on the strategy - evaluate whether they are for, against or neutral

24. Stakeholder Analysis: Next Step Can new stakeholders be brought in/old stakeholders removed to improve support? Boost influence of “for” stakeholders? Reduce influence of “against” stakeholders Coalition of “for” stakeholders possible?

25. Stakeholder Analysis (contd) Can coalition of “against” stakeholders prevented? Can the project be reformulated to make it acceptable? Possible to bring abroad “against” stakeholders by including their prized areas? Need to redefine project?

26. Planning Implementation Steps Establish objectives Identify actions (steps) required Identify & assess resources available Allocate accountabilities/responsibilities Plan monitoring & review activities

27. Resource Allocation Resource Allocation – A central management activity that allows for strategy execution

28. Resource Allocation Four types of resources – 1.Financial resources 2.Physical resources 3.Human resources 4.Technological resources

29. Knowledge & Technology - Effects Business strategy: creates new opportunities, e.g., services available over the net instead of in person Culture: more innovative and open culture due to electronic info dissemination (free-flow of info) Organizational structure: Flatter & fluid

30. Knowledge & Technology – Effects (contd) Management: unstructured management processes possible with info on net, etc Work: all professional work includes IT component Workplace – de-centralised; can work from home