1. Phonolog y The sound patterns of language: Phonology Phonemes
Phones and allophones
Minimal pairs and sets.
Phonolog y
Chapter 5

2. Phonology :
The description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.
( unconscious knowledge )
Phonology is concerned with the abstract or mental aspect of the sounds in language rather than with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds.

3. Blue print each sound type
e.g. tar, star, writer, eighth
(actual speech: different,
Phonology: the same)
Tar, car, far, bar

4. Phonology is concerned with the abstract set of sounds in a language that allows us to distinguish meaning in the actual physical sounds we say and hear.

5. 2. Phonemes:
The meaning-distinguishing sound in a language.
[t] /t/
It functions contrastively.
E.g. Fan – van, fine – vine, fat – vat
( a test to determine the phonemes that exist in a language )
( substation >> a change of meaning >> different phonemes )

6. The natural class of sounds:
The sounds which have features in common and would behave phonologically in some similar ways.
e.g.
/p/ -voice, +bilabial, +stop
/k/ -voice, +velar, +stop
/v/ +voice, +labiodental, +fricative
(It could lead us to know the permissible sound sequences in the language, /kl-/,
/pl-/
/vl-/

7. e.g. the phoneme /t/ has different allophones
3. Phones and Allophones:
Phones: different versions of the sound type regularly produced in actual speech (‘in the mouth’), they are phonetic units and appear in square brackets.
Allophones: a group of several phones. All of which are versions of one phoneme.
e.g. the phoneme /t/ has different allophones
Star , tar, writer, eighth
*aspiration (the puff of the air)

8. The crucial distinction between phonemes and allophones is that substituting one phoneme for another will result in a word with a different meaning (as well as a different pronunciation), but substituting allophones only results in a different (and perhaps unusual pronunciation of the same words.

9. e.g.
Seed - seen