1. OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS Prepared by A.Shamila Ebenezer

2. FUNDAMENTALS

3. An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services forcomputer programs.computer hardwaresoftwareservicescomputer programs Operating systems can be found on almost any device that contains a computer— from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.cellular phonesvideo game consolessupercomputersweb servers OPERATING SYSTEM

4. Android BSD iOS Linux OS X QNX Microsoft Windows Windows Phone IBM z/OS MOST POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS

5. 2013 Worldwide Device Shipments by Operating System Operating System 2012 (Million of Units) 2013 (Million of Units) Android504878 Windows346328 iOS/Mac OS214267 BlackBerry3524 Others1,117803 Total2,2162,300 MARKET STATUS OF USAGE OF OPERATING SYSTEM

6. management of multiple processes on a uniprocessor architecture multiprogramming

7. The main objective of multiprogramming is to have process running at all times. With this design, CPU utilization is said to be maximized. Objective of multiprogramming

8. FCFS SJF PREMPTIVE AND NON PREEMPTIVE SJF PREEMPTIVE SCHEDULING ROUND ROBIN CPU SCHEDULING

9. management of multiple processes on a multiprocessor architecture multiprocessing

10. each processor is assigned specific tasks by a "Master processor Asymmetric Multiprocessing

11. With an increased number of processors, there is considerable increase in throughput. It can also save more money because they can share resources. Finally, overall reliability is increased as well. What are the advantages of a multiprocessor system?

12. number of processes that complete their execution per time unit. Throughput

13. amount of time to execute a particular process. Turnaround time

14. amount of time a process has been waiting in the ready queue. Waiting time

15. time it takes for the computer system to give response to the service request Response Time

16. In a Time sharing system, the CPU executes multiple jobs by switching among them, also known as multitasking. This process happens so fast that users can actually interact with each program while it is running. What are time sharing systems?

17. bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot Typically stored in ROM or EEPROM, generally known as firmware Initializates all aspects of system Loads operating system kernel and starts execution Bootstrap program

18. loading a program into memory on demand dynamic loading

19. loading a program all at once in memory static loading

20. library functions can be connected at load-time dynamic linking

21. all library functions included in the code static linking

22. Switching the CPU to another process requires saving the state of the old process and loading the saved state for the new process. This task is known as a context switch. Context-switch time is pure overhead, because the system does no useful work while switching. Its speed varies from machine to machine, depending on the memory speed, the number of registers which must be copied, the existed of special instructions(such as a single instruction to load or store all registers). Context Switch

23. signal sent from hardware or software to CPU to transfer execution to some other instructions Interrupt

24. Device drivers provides a standard means of representing I/O devices that maybe manufactured by different companies. This prevents conflicts whenever such devices are incorporated in a systems unit. What are device drivers?

25. GUI is short for Graphical User Interface. It provides users with an interface wherein actions can be performed by interacting with icons and graphical symbols. People find it easier to interact with the computer when in a GUI especially when using the mouse. Instead of having to remember and type commands, users just click on buttons to perform a process. What is GUI?

26. Preemptive multitasking allows an operating system to switch between software programs. This in turn allows multiple programs to run without necessarily taking complete control over the processor and resulting in system crashes. What is preemptive multitasking?

27. PROCESS MANAGEMENT

28. A program loaded into memory and executing Process

29. A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization. In general, a thread is composed of a thread ID, program counter, register set and the stack. What is a thread?

30. – there is an increased responsiveness to the user – resource sharing within the process – economy – utilization of multiprocessing architecture Give some benefits of multithreaded programming.

31. DEADLOCK

32. When a process requests an available resource, system must decide if immediate allocation leaves the system in a safe state. System is in safe state if there exists a safe sequence of all processes. Deadlock Avoidance: ensure that a system will never enter an unsafe state. What is a Safe State and what is its use in deadlock avoidance?

33. Banker’s algorithm is one form of deadlock-avoidance in a system. It gets its name from a banking system wherein the bank never allocates available cash in such a way that it can no longer satisfy the needs of all of its customers.banking Describe Banker’s algorithm

34. SYNCHRONIZATION

35. when the outcome of the multiple process execution depends on the order of the execution of the instructions of the processes race condition

36. elementary synchronization problem where a set of threads indefinitely alternate between executing the critical section and non-critical section mutual exclusion

37. a requesting thread is not allowed to enter the critical section starvation

38. general locking mechanism; generally initialized to 1 semaphore

39. MEMORY MANAGEMENT

40. Main memory is the only large storage media that the CPU can access directly. What is main memory?

41. storage that does not lose its contents when power is removed NVRAM-nonvolatile storage which is DRAM with battery backup power Nonvolatile storage

42. in which some parts of memory take longer to access than other parts Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA)-

43. Caching is the processing of utilizing a region of fast memory for a limited data and process. A cache memory is usually much efficient because of its high access speed. What is caching?

44. Makes sure that an update of a value of A in one cache is immediately reflected in all other caches where A resides Cache Coherency

45. Virtual memory is a memory management technique for letting processes execute outside of memory. This is very useful especially is an executing program cannot fit in the physical memory. What is virtual memory?

46. Paging is a memory management scheme that permits the physical-address space of a process to be noncontiguous. It avoids the considerable problem of having to fit varied sized memory chunks onto the backing store. What is the basic function of paging?

47. Fragmentation is memory wasted. It can be internal if we are dealing with systems that have fixed-sized allocation units, or external if we are dealing with systems that have variable- sized allocation units. What is fragmentation?

48. if data is accessed once, it will likely be accessed again in the future locality of reference principle

49. Demand paging is a system wherein area of memory that are not currently being used are swapped to disk to make room for an application’s need. What is demand paging?

50. Trashing refers to an instance of high paging activity. This happens when it is spending more time paging instead of executing. When does thrashing occur?

51. When a device controller transfers an entire block of data from its own buffer storage to memory without CPU intervention Direct Memory Access (DMA)

52. A computer instruction that can be executed only by a supervisory program - can only be executed only in kernel mode Privileged Instruction

53. added to the hardware of the computer to indicate the current mode: kernel(0) or user (1). Distinguishes between a task that is executed on behalf of the OS and one is that executed on behalf of the user Mode Bit

54. Ability to continue providing service proportional to the level of surviving hardware Graceful Degradation

55. A trap is a software- generated interrupt caused by either an error or a user request. What is a trap?

56. each process is divided up into a number of small, fixed-size partitions called pages pages

57. physical memory is divided into a large number of small, fixed-size partitions called frames frames

58. per process data structure that provides mapping from page to frame page table