1. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 1ARPI Small Unit Operations SUO/PDA Austin Tate & David Wilkins AIAI & SRI International E-mail: a.tate@ed.ac.uk, wilkins@ai.sri.com www: http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~arpi/SUO/

2. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 2ARPI Small Unit Operations SUO/PDA Advanced Planning Technology Schedule SUO/PDA Objective Demonstrate capability relevant to a SUO/Situation Assessment System (SAS) environment to generate, refine, select, communicate, execute and repair plans across multiple echelons. Limited interfaces available on soldier-borne device. Two examples of COA plan generation and use: - Defensive - Halt an Attack in Restrictive Terrain; - Offensive - Military Operations in Urban Terrain. 2QCY99 - SUO Scenario and storyboard/demo script development. Walk-through of technical requirements, mockup of non-working parts. Produce demo script and scenarios. 3QCY99 - Technology and demonstration development first pass, interim demonstration. 4QCY99 & Q1CY00 - Full demonstration development. 1Q & Q2CY00 - Transition and communication of results to SUO contractor. Refinement of demonstration and technology. Use results of DARPA/AFRL Planning Initiative (ARPI) and Planning & Decision Aids (PDA) work Multi-Agent Planning Architecture (MPA) and O-Plan Systems Integration Architecture SIPE-2/CPEF and O-Plan AI Planners Mixed Initiative Planning Aids Planning Domain Knowledge Acquisition Tools/Editors Continuous Planning, Re-planning and Plan Repair Planning Process Panels Rich Shared Plan Representations

3. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 3ARPI Objective Demonstrate capability relevant to a SUO/Situation Assessment System (SAS) environment to generate, refine, communicate, execute and repair plans across multiple echelons. Limited interfaces available on soldier-borne device. Two examples of COA plan generation and use: Defensive - Halt an Attack in Restrictive Terrain; Offensive - Military Operations in Urban Terrain.

4. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 4ARPI Approach Use results of DARPA/AFRL Planning Initiative (ARPI) and Planning & Decision Aids (PDA) work Multi-Agent Planning Architecture (MPA) and O-Plan Systems Integration Architecture SIPE-2/CPEF and O-Plan AI Planners Mixed Initiative Planning Aids Planning Domain Knowledge Acquisition Tools/Editors Continuous Planning, Re-planning and Plan Repair Planning Process Panels Rich Shared Plan Representations

5. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 5ARPI Long-term Contributions to the Soldier Fast generation of multiple distinct COAs, including ones the commander may not have considered. Commander can explore more options in detail. Avoid mistakes: uniformly high plan quality, even during high-stress crises. Monitor plan execution and respond quickly to events, helping the commander modify the plan appropriately. Provide relevant information to other echelons, allowing fast communication while preserving bandwidth.

6. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 6ARPI Practical Issues/Challenges Effort to acquire the knowledge base (KB). KB will cover a small subset of an officer’s knowledge and will add value. Effort commensurate with capability. Reduce effort by limiting scenario, relying on human knowledge, etc. Human can override PDA -- blind spots not fatal Other DARPA programs address this problem in the larger scale Assumptions about the world information available from sensors. Rely only on information which the SUO/SAS can provide Baseline: SALUTE reports and GPS data. Input and output burden on soldiers when using SUO/PDA. PDA would augment officer at time he would consult map or talk on radio Voice input and limited interface modalities being considered by SUO contractor. Sensor planning PDA will plan for awareness requirements PDA will respond to reports from SAS Will not model low-level details of sensor operations, or plan their exact deployment

7. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 7ARPI Validate MPA by integrating several systems in DARPA Planning Initiative (TIE 97-1): INSPECT (ISI) OPIS (CMU) Advisable Planner (SRI) SIPE-2 (SRI) ACS (UMass) Process Panel (AIAI -UEdin) APAT (ISX) VISAGE (MAYA) Domain is Air Campaign Planning thousands of objects, several thousand nodes in each plan plan down to support mission level (must allocate supporting resources) air superiority objective only targets grouped into networks which depend on other networks network effectiveness is modeled quantitatively Integration/TIEs

8. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 8ARPI TIE 97-1 Demonstrations Sept 98 - EFX 98, Ft. Walton Beach FL May 98 - ARPI Workshop, Monterey CA Feb 98 - DARPA, Arlington VA Dec 97 - JFACC PMR, San Pedro CA Nov 97 - ARPI Workshop, San Francisco CA Increasing Capabilities DARPA

9. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 9ARPI Technology Transition DARPA SUO program: -prototype planning and decision aid DARPA JFACC program: -building on Cypress, MPA, TIE 97-1 MAPVis

10. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 10ARPI SUO Scenarios Two SUO-SAS scenarios have been chosen: Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT): Operation San Roberto Halt an Attack in Restrictive Terrain: Operation Golden Manacle KA has been performed for both scenarios Interim demo is in MOUT scenario Main demo is in Halt an Attack scenario

11. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 11ARPI Differences between the Two Scenarios Halt an Attack  Defensive  Restrictive wooded terrain  Battalion-sized operation  Wide area move planning  Mechanized threat  Wide area sensors  BN, CO, PLT  Workstation-based aids  Graphics+typing modalities MOUT  Offensive  Close confined urban terrain  Company-sized operation  Close combat  Foot soldier threat  Localized sensors  CO, PLT, SQ  Soldier-borne aids  Glance+select modalities

12. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 12ARPI Opportunities for PDA Support in MOUT Overall Process from Receipt of Mission to Success Deliberative Planning & Rehearsal En-route Rehearsal & Replanning Low Tempo Adaptation & Plan Repair High Tempo Monitoring & Plan Selection After Action Planning & Support In AdvanceDuring MissionAfter Action

13. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 13ARPI MOUT Concept of Operations 1st Plt 2nd Plt OP “M” 3rd Plt 4th Plt

14. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 14ARPI Halt an Attack - Defensive Scenario Halt a mechanized enemy regiment in restrictive terrain with a SUO battalion Place obstacles to force enemy into engagement area Use forward infantry to observe, channel, and delay Rely on fire support to attrit Channel enemy to Southwest Use a CO(+) to defeat enemy in engagement area

15. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 15ARPI Defensive Scenario - Plan Generation BN plan/order is input to PDA PDA produces plans for each CO and each PLT KB covers following: Observing avenues of approach (AAs) Using sensors to provide and supplement observation and to provide security Covering AAs with obstacles Positioning units Selecting a channelizing path for OPFOR Nominating positions for fire support (FS) units Selecting an engagement area (EA) in which to defeat channelized units Preparing the EA for the battle

16. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 16ARPI Main Demo - Halt an Attack Company Planning & Execution System OPORD FRAGO Platoon Execution Support System OPORD FRAGO Battalion Planning & Execution System Reports Domain Model Activity Templates & Constraints Initial Battalion OPORD Creation and Editing Control Panel User Interfaces & C2 Process Management World Simulation and Scenario Event Generation SUO/SAS System World Simulator AIAI Responsibility SRI Responsibility

17. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 17ARPI SUO/PDA Knowledge Acquisition Stage Process Modelling Methods & Tools Knowledge Acquisition for Halt an Attack (SRI with AIAI) Army CALL Bulletins Doctrine, SOP, TTP Subject Matter Experts Domain Model Activity Templates & Constraints SIPE Acts O-Plan TF SUO 3 Repn. Knowledge Acquisition for MOUT (AIAI with SRI) AIAI Responsibility SRI Responsibility

18. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 18ARPI AIAI Contributing Technology Austin Tate with Jeff Dalton, John Levine, Peter Jarvis AIAI, University of Edinburgh 80 South Bridge, Edinburgh, UK E-mail: a.tate@ed.ac.uk Tel: +44 (131) 650 2732 www:http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/project/oplan http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/project/ix

19. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 19ARPI AIAI Contributing Technology Generation of multiple qualitatively distinct alternative COAs dependent upon alternative assumptions and advice about the situation. Support for mixed-initiative incremental plan development, manipulation and use. Situation-dependant plan repair as situation changes. Systems integration framework for modular planning and plan analysis systems. Management of planning and execution process - promotion of intelligent process management and workflow concepts.

20. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 20ARPI AIAI Contributing Technology Shared Models of Tasks, Processes and Plans Issue-based Problem Solving Constraint and Domain Management Planning Process Panels Web Delivery of Planning Facilities Process Editor Previous O-Plan Technology New I-X Technology

21. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 21ARPI Shared Plan Model - a rich plan representation using a common constraint model of activity ( ). Shared Task Model - Mixed initiative model of “mutually constraining the space of behaviour”. Shared Space of Options - explicit option management. Shared Model of Agent Capabilities - handlers for issues, functional capabilities and constraint managers. Shared Understanding of Authority - management of the authority to plan (to handle issues) and act which may take into account options, phases and levels.

22. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 22ARPI O-Plan -> I-X Interface Manager Controller Processing Platform(s) Data Base Manager Plan State Issues Nodes Constraints Constraint Associator Issue Handlers Information Sources Constraint Managers PlanWorld Viewers Requirements Reports Constraint Managers Processing Capabilities Technical & World Viewers Task & Option Management Model Management Mediators/Mapping Information Sources Requirements Reports

23. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 23ARPI I-Plan and Plan Agenda Plan Entities Plan Constraints Plan State Space of Legitimate Plan Elaborations Choose (IH) Do (IH) IH=Issue Handler (Agent Functional Capability) Propagate Constraints Issues or Implied Constraints Node Constraints Detailed Constraints I N CA C=Critical Constraints A=Auxiliary Constraints

24. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 24ARPI SRI Contributing Technology David Wilkins, Tom Lee SRI International Artificial Intelligence Center Menlo Park, CA E-mail: wilkins@ai.sri.com Tel: 650-859-2057 www: http://www.ai.sri.com/~sipe http://www.ai.sri.com/~cpef

25. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 25ARPI Domain Characteristics Tasks are complex and open-ended Operating environments are dynamic and possibly hostile Complete and accurate knowledge of the world can never be attained Full automation is neither possible nor desirable  Successful operation requires a mix of user involvement and control continuous planning rapid response to unexpected events dynamic adaptation of activities Intelligent Operations Management

26. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 26ARPI CPEF Architecture MPA Messages