1. NUSInvest Workshop Series Session One Introduction to FA/TA

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3. FA vs TA

4. FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS Fundamental analysis of a business involves analyzing its financial statements and health, its management and competitive advantages, and its competitors and markets. Economic Analysis Industry Analysis Company Analysis

5. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS The study of market action, primarily through the use of charts, for the purpose of forecasting future price trends. All information is reflected in price (responses & sentiments) History repeats itself Technical Analysis can be applied to different trading mediums/markets/assets

6. FA vs TA FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS Focuses on the economic forces of Demand & Supply that causes prices to move Finding the intrinsic value of the market/asset Characteristics of a company is employed in the analysis Effects of economic factors on a stock such as earning reports, cash flow, etc are concerned Analysis using past data of Demand & Supply Study of historical graphs is stressed Identify a trend at a relatively early stage & ride on that trend until the weight of the evidence shows or proves that the trend has reversed Deals in probabilities, never certainties TECHNICAL ANALYSIS

7. Efficient Market Hypothesis  Criticisms of FA and TA  3 Versions: Weak / Semi-strong / Strong  Impossible to "beat the market" because stock market efficiency causes existing share prices to always incorporate and reflect all relevant information  EMH: stocks always trade at their fair value (impossible to purchase undervalued stocks or sell at inflated prices)

8. Intro to TA

9. Charts Candlesticks stresses relationship between open and close prices

10. Candle Anatomy Bullish Candle Bearish Candle

11. Gaps Gap: Current open is not the same as prior closing price No price and no volume transacted hands between the gap (area on price chart where there is no trades) Effect of news after stock market closed for the day (e.g. earnings report) Psychology: Can act as resistance/ support (news that sparked the gap is still in play)

12. Daily Chart – Wal-Mart (WMT)

13. 1 Price-Bar Pattern

14. Hammer Found in downtrend Short body at the top of price range Little to no upper shadow Lower shadow must be at least twice the length of real-body Signals: Reversal pattern when found in a downtrend Short-term outlook indication Real body can be black or white (white: stronger signal)

15. Hammer Low reliability, requires confirmation – Bullish gap for next session – Subsequent session shows white real body above that of the hammer’s real body Significance/ Strength: – Length of Lower Shadow – Colour Long lower wick indicates initial selling prices Buyers drive prices back up to close near the highs BACKGROUND 1-BAR PATTERN 2-BARS PATTERN 3-BARS PATTERN PRICE TRADING STRATEGIES

16. Hanging Man Found in uptrend Short body at the top of price range Little to no upper shadow Lower shadow must be at least twice the length of real-body Warning of a potential downward Short-term outlook indication Also requires confirmation

17. Hanging Man 1. Uptrend 2. Gap Up 3. Lower Shadow at least twice as big as Real Body 4. Real Body Bullish or Bearish; better if Bearish 5. Confirmation Candle Greater gap: Higher likelihood of reversal

18. Shooting Star Found in uptrend Short body at the bottom of price range Little to no lower shadow Upper shadow must be at least twice the length of real-body Signals: Reversal pattern Short-term outlook indication Real body can be black or white (black: stronger signal)

19. Shooting Star Low reliability, requires confirmation – Bearish gap for next session – Subsequent session shows black real body below that of the shooting star’s real body Significance/ Strength: – Length of Upper Shadow – Colour Long upper wick indicates initial buying prices Bears were able to reject bulls completely (or push prices even lower by closing below open) Open

20. Shooting Star 1. Uptrend 2. Upper shadow at least twice as big as real body 3. Real body bullish or bearish (bearish: stronger indication)

21. Inverted Hammer Found in downtrend Short body at the bottom of price range Little to no lower shadow Upper shadow must be at least twice the length of real-body Signals: Reversal pattern Short-term outlook indication Real body can be black or white (white: stronger signal)

22. Inverted Hammer

23. Spinning Top & Doji Short body in the middle of two long wicks Market closed relatively unchanged Indicates indecision (‘standoff’ after significant price movement) Trend losing momentum; possible turning point Doji/ Long-legged Doji: stronger signal Open and close are the same Insignificant in sideway markets Buyers in control Sellers in control

24. Dragonfly DojiGravestone DojiFour Price Doji Long lower, no upper Long upper, no lower Same upper, lower, open & close Very rare Low volume situations More Doji Patterns

26. 2 Price-Bars Pattern

27. Bullish Engulfing Candle Gap down When found in a downtrend: Bullish candle opens lower than previous candle’s close, closes higher than previous candle’s open Potential sign that trend is reversing Indicates control has shifted from sellers to buyers

28. Bearish Engulfing Candle When found in a uptrend: Gap up: Bullish sign But: Bulls only push prices up slightly before bears take over and push prices much lower Potential sign that trend is reversing Indicates control has shifted from buyers to sellers Gap Up

29. Bullish Engulfing 1. Downtrend 2. Bearish Candle 3. Gap Down 4. Bullish Candle 5. Close above previous Bearish Candle

30. 3 Price-Bars Pattern

31. Morning Star Consists of 3 candlesticks Bearish Gap: Bears are in control during opening Day 2: Prices are not pushed much lower (small / neutral candlestick) – Bullish: stronger sign Day 3: Bullish gap up Prices pushed further upward, sometimes eliminating all Day 1 losses

32. Evening Star Consists of 3 candlesticks: - Bullish, Small/ Neutral, Bearish Presence of bullish gap, bearish gap Day 2: Prices are not pushed much higher – Bearish: stronger sign Day 3: Large bearish candlestick Prices pushed further downward, sometimes eliminating all of Day 1’s gains

33. Evening Star 1. Uptrend 2. Bullish Candle 3. Gap Up 4. Small Bullish/ Bearish Candle 5. Gap Down 6. Bullish Candle Morning Star Pattern

34. Many other chart and price patterns, indicators, theories… CHART CONSTRUCTION SUPPORT & RESISTANCE

35. Reversal Patterns CHART CONSTRUCTION SUPPORT & RESISTANCE

36. Others Fibonacci Continuation Patterns Moving averages Oscillators and momentum indicators Pivot Points Trading Divergences Elliott Wave Theory …

37. Resources Babypips.com Forexfactory.com

38. Intro to FA

39. Basics of FA  Buy and Hold  Latch onto a good business and allow investor’s assets to grow with the business  Value Investing  Seek under-valued companies  Dividend Investing  Seek blue chip stocks that generate dividends consistently

40.  Top-Down Approach  Starts with analysis of global economics E.g. GDP, Interest Rates  Narrows down to regional/industry analysis Total sales, trends, Growing/Sunset Basics of FA

41.  Bottom-Up Approach  Starts with specific businesses, regardless of industry/region

42. Basics of FA  Qualitative & Quantitative  Intrinsic Value (true value, not necessarily market price)  Find opportunities to buy at a discount  Wait for investment to pay off when market catches up

43. Industry Factors Industry life cycle – Emerging, Growth, Maturity, Decline Key Trends – E.g. Airlines: Fuel Cost; Jewellery: Gold Price; REITs: Interest rates

44. Company Factors Business Model Competitive Advantage Management (ownership - founder? Insider shareholdings?) Market Share – Competitors’ Performance

45. Financial Ratios LiquiditySolvencyEfficiency Profitability Market value 5 types of financial ratios

46. Price Earning Ratio (P/E) Price of Share divided by Earnings per share (EPS) Values the share based on earnings The lower the PE compared to similar companies the better the value However, more research the reason behind low valuations

47. EBIT Earnings Before Interest and Taxes Adds Interest and Tax Expense to NI Gives a clearer picture of company’s ability to generate profits By taking away distortions from financing cost and tax structure

48. EBITDA Earnings Before Interest Tax Depreciation Amortization A PROXY of Operating cash Flow Important in determining firm’s ability to generate cash

49. Price to Book Ratio (P/B) Compares stock’s market value to its book value A low P/B ratio could mean that the stock is undervalued Also gives some idea of whether you’re paying too much for what would be left if the company goes bankrupt

50. Earnings per Share (EPS) The only financial indicator companies are mandated to provide in their annual report One of the most important indicators of profitability Shows the ability of each share in generating accounting profits Trend is important in analyzing EPS

51. Debt to Equity Most common leverage ratio Shows us the capital structure of the firm Can indicate financing expenditure, solvency of the firm

52. Profit margin Net Profits/Net Sales Shows efficiency of revenue in generating profits Important in evaluating efficiency within the industry

53. Return on Equity Net Income / Total Equity Shows how much of income is attributable to equity holders Also shows how efficient company is generating profits with given capital

54. Other Ratios Current Ratio only measures short term liquidity status Current Assets / Current Liabilities Return on Assets (ROA) More…

55. Resources Bloomberg terminal Bloomberg.com Investopedia.com SGX.com Equity Research Reports

56. CHART CONSTRUCTION SUPPORT & RESISTANCE Thank You!