1. Chapter 1 An Introduction To Microprocessor And Computer
Microprocessors
Chapter 1
An Introduction To Microprocessor And Computer
prepared by
Dr. Mohamed A. Shohla

2. Chapter Overview A Historical Background The Microprocessor Age
Pentium Evolution
The Microprocessor-Based Personal computer System
The Microprocessor

3. The Microprocessor Age-1
(a) 1970s Processors
4004
8008
8080
8086
8088
Introduced 71 72 74 78 79
Clock speeds
108 KHz
2 MHz
5–10 MHz
5–8 MHz
Bus width
4 bits
8 bits
16 bits
No. of transistors
2300
3500
6000
29000
Addressable memory
640 bytes
16 KB
64 KB
1 MB
Virtual memory —

4. The Microprocessor Age-2
(b) 1980s Processors
80286
386TMDX
386TMSX
486TM DX
Introduced 82 85 88 89
Clock speeds
6-12MHz
16-33MHz
16-33 MHz
25-50 MHz
Bus width
16 bits
32 bits
No. of transistors
134000
275000
1.2 million
Addressable memory
16 megabytes
4 gigabytes
Virtual memory
1 gigabyte
64 terabytes

5. The Microprocessor Age-3
(c) 1990s Processors
486TMSX
Pentium
Pentium II
Introduced 91 93 95 97
Clock speeds
MHz
60-166MHz
MHz
MHz
Bus width
32 bits
64 bits
No. of transistors
1.2 million
3.1 million
5.5 million
7.5 million
Addressable memory
4 gigabytes
64 gigabytes
Virtual memory
64 terabyte
64 terabytes
64terabytes

6. The Microprocessor Age-4
(d) Recent Processors
Pentium III
Pentium 4
Introduced 99
11/2000
Clock speeds
MHz
GHz
Bus width
64 bits
No. of transistors
95 million
42 million
Addressable memory
64 gigabytes
Virtual memory
64 terabytes

7. The Pentium Evaluation
(1971)
First 4-bit, 4k x 4 Memory, 45 Inst., 50 KIPS
(1973)
8-bit, 16 KB Memory, 48 Inst.
(1975)
First 8-bit general purpose processor, 64 KB Memory, TTL , 500 KIPS
(1977)
Last 8-bit general purpose processor, Internal clock
8088 / 8086
(1978)
First 16-bit processor, 1 MB Memory, 2.5 MIPS, 4-6 Byte fetch queue
(1983)
Last 16-bit processor, 16 MB Memory, 4 MIPS

8. The Pentium Evaluation
(1986)
First 32-bit microprocessor, 32-bit address and data bus, 4GB Memory, Multitask
(1989)
Package (proc. + coproc + 8KB cache), pipelining
Pentium (1993)
16 KB cache (8 KB Inst. cache + 8 KB Data cache), 64-bit data bus, 2 Execution Unit, Superscalar
- Pentium Pro (95)
16 KB L1 cache, 256 KB L2 cache, 3 Execution Unit, More Superscalar
- Pentium II (1997)
On-board 32 KB L1 cache, 512 KB L2 cache, MMX technology

9. The Pentium Evaluation
- Pentium III (99)
Additional FP instructions to support 3D graphics.
- Pentium IV (2001)
Additional FP and other enhancements for multimedia.
Itanium
This new generation of Intel processor makes use of a 64-bit organization with the IA-64 architecture.

10. Compare between the 80486 through Pentium 4 microprocessor.

11. The block diagram of a computer system.

12. The purpose of the microprocessor in a microprocessor-based computer system
At the heart of the microprocessor-based computer system is the microprocessor integrated cir­cuit. The microprocessor, sometimes referred to as the CPU (central processing unit), is the con­trolling element in a computer system. The microprocessor controls memory and I/O through a series of connections called buses.
The microprocessor performs three main tasks for the computer system:
data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems.
simple arithmetic and logic operations.
program flow via simple decisions. Albeit these are simple tasks, but through them, the microprocessor performs virtually any series of operations or tasks.

13. The three buses found in all computer systems.
A bus is a common group of wires that interconnect components in a computer system. The buses that interconnect the sections of a computer system transfer address, data, and control information between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O systems.
The address bus requests a memory location from the memory or an I/O location from the I/O devices. If I/O is addressed, the address bus contains a 16-bit I/O address from 0000H through FFFFH.
The data bus transfers information between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O address space. Data transfers vary in size, from 8 bits wide to 64 bits wide in various members of the Intel microprocessor family.
The control bus contains lines that select the memory or I/O and cause them to perform a read or write operation.

14. Block diagram of a computer system showing address, data, and control bus.

15. The microprocessor bus and memory sizes
Data Bus
Address Bus
Memory Size
8086 16 20 1M
8088 8
80186
80188
80286 24
16M
80386 32 4G
80486
Pentium Pro 64 36
64G
Pentium II
Pentium II, III, 4

16. The physical memory systems of the 8086 through 80486

17. The physical memory systems of the Pentium II through Pentium IV