1. PARTY SYSTEMS Muchamad Ali Safa’at

2. PARTY SYSTEMS Two Party  Single Party Majority Gov. Multy Party  Coalition/Consensus Gov.

3. Two Party System Clear choice between two alternative Moderating influence Stable and effective single party cabinet

4. Multi Party Represent all society Many alternatives to vote

5. The effective number of parties Measured in terms of parliamentary seats Relevant rules for counting: Coalition potential Blackmail potential Ideological compatibility

6. Calculated Political Parties Number (Markku Laakso dan Rein Taagepera ) N=1/∑s i 2 N adalah jumlah partai, s i adalah proporsi kursi dari partai.

10. The Issue Dimension Socioeconomic: Leftish – Rightist (Gov. budget, equalization, unemployment, education, health, social welfare). Religious: Religious – Secular Cultural – Ethnic: Ethnic cleavages Urban – Rural: Agrarian – Industrial Regime Support Foreign Policy Materialist – Postmaterialist