1. Evolution of the Microchip CARTER VARGA 1

2. Overview Referred to as a 'integrated circuit’. Creator: Jack Kilby, 1957. Idea came from Geoffrey W.A. Drummer, 1952. Size: Penny or smaller. Composed of thousands or millions of transistors. Integrated with a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. Used in every technogical device today. 2

3. Discovery  May 7 th, 1952: Radar Scientist Geoffrey W.A Drummer presented the idea of a integrated circuit. - Unable to present a working prototype.  1957: Jack Kilby proposed the first working integrated circuit to the US Army.  Kilby's idea: “Small ceramic squares, each one containing a single miniaturized component which then coud be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid.”

4. Founders Geoffrey W.A. Drummer  Radar scientist with the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defense.  Presented first public description of an integrated circuit.  Presented at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components. Jack Kilby  Invented first practical integrated circuit.  Worked for Texas Instruments.  Chip made with germanium  Partner, Noyce, created another IC using silicon and solved practical problems Kirby’s did not. 3 4

5. Microchip design  Composed of transistors.  Transistor: Small semi-conductive devices used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.  Usually made of silicon, very compact.  Can contain thousands to billions of transistors.  Advanced IC's are combined to make microprocessors or “cores”. 6

6. Microchips and computers  Microprocessors: incorporates the functions of a computer’s central processing unit (CPU).  Composed on one or several integrated units.  Physical limitations: Complexity of a IC is bound by the number of transistors placed onto one chip. - Advancing technology make more complex and powerful chips feasible to produce.  Types of IC's in computers: -Memory chip and Application-specific (ASIC).  Brain of the computer. Controls processing power through microprocessors. 6

7. Microprocessors History  Term attributed to Viatron Compute System – 1968  1960's: Computer processors contained only tens of transistors to a few hundred.  1971: 4-bit microprocessor  1972: 8-bit microprocessor – microcomputer  Used in the NASA Apollo space missions for guidance, navigation and control.  1990's: 64-bit microprocessor – PlayStation 2, Apple Macintosh

8. Computer Advancements  David Packard and Bill Hewlett: First modern day computer (HP)  1941: First fully automatic, digital computer (Z3)  1970: Hewlett-Packard 9100A, first personal computer  1984: Inkjet and laser printers for desktop. HP9000 series minicomputers with 404MiB storage  1990's: 32-bit x86 processors become dominant in desktops, laptops, and become faster.  2000's: 64-bit processors introduced 7 8

9. Statistics  According to a study by Pew Research Center,  90% of American adults own a cell phone  58% of those are smartphones  42% of American adults own a tablet computer  100% of those devices is runs from a integrated circuit or microchip. 9

10. Summary  Microchips have advanced greatly.  Foundation for all modern technology.  Advancing technology leads to faster processors in smaller chips.  Have become a technological life force for our technological world.  Highly dependable and will be used for years to come.

11. References 1. www.businessinsider.com www.businessinsider.com 2. www.opencongress.orgwww.opencongress.org 3. www.pcmag.com www.pcmag.com 4. www.computerhope.com www.computerhope.com 5. www.diracdelta.co.ukwww.diracdelta.co.uk 6. techupdates.in techupdates.in 7. www.technikum29.de www.technikum29.de 8. www.cnet.com www.cnet.com 9. www.tuaw.com www.tuaw.com 10. www.timesofmalta.comwww.timesofmalta.com