1. Sharing Collections at a Local, National or International Level Fiesole, March 2004 Alice Keller, Oxford University Library Services

2. Sharing Sharing does not happen naturally Sharing does not happen naturally

3. Sharing at Local Level: Co-operative Collection Management at Universities

4. Problems Libraries are worried Libraries are worried that they get “taken over” – or even get closed that they get “taken over” – or even get closed that they lose their autonomy that they lose their autonomy that they can no longer respond to user requirements that they can no longer respond to user requirements that they get drowned in bureaucracy that they get drowned in bureaucracy Staff and readers do not easily identify with the common purpose and agenda Staff and readers do not easily identify with the common purpose and agenda Loss of “brand names” Loss of “brand names”

5. How do we achieve effective co-operation? Strong leader with a vision Strong leader with a vision Liaise with open-minded academics Liaise with open-minded academics Offer incentives for co-operation Offer incentives for co-operation Staff development programmes Staff development programmes Rewards, opportunities for promotion Rewards, opportunities for promotion Display savings Display savings Make sure the policy is applied effectively and efficiently on the practical level Make sure the policy is applied effectively and efficiently on the practical level

6. Example of merger at local level Atlantic Health System, New Jersey “Merger” of 4 hospital libraries: Common mission, goals, and shared values Common mission, goals, and shared values Elimination of some duplication in book and journal purchasing Elimination of some duplication in book and journal purchasing Daily courier service Daily courier service Standardisation of general policies and procedures Standardisation of general policies and procedures No elimination of positions or locations No elimination of positions or locations “Each library has retained its local identity” “Each library has retained its local identity” J Med Libr Assoc 90(2002)/1

7. Example of merger at local level Which option do you go for?

8. Sharing at a National Level: Consortia Building

9. What do consortia offer? Consortium

10. Strengthens bargaining and purchasing power of libraries Strengthens bargaining and purchasing power of libraries Financial advantages Financial advantages Sharing administrative workload Sharing administrative workload Extension of library collection Extension of library collection  Cross Access Consortium Consortia - advantages

11. Consortium Less money left for other materials. Less money left for other materials. Reduce flexibility of libraries. Reduce flexibility of libraries. “Dilute” collection profiles. “Dilute” collection profiles. Consortia - disadvantages

12. Collection development in a consortial environment

13. Academic libraries of the future? C C C C C C C

15. The Consortium That Ate the Library

16. How do we achieve effective co- operation? At a local level … In consortia … Strong leader … Strong leader … International journal publishers, not libraries International journal publishers, not libraries … with a vision … with a vision No-one has clear vision of future No-one has clear vision of future Incentives for co-operation Incentives for co-operation Cross Access (this is falling away) Cross Access (this is falling away) Display savings Display savings Exact savings not clear Exact savings not clear Practical application of policy Practical application of policy Details of contracts often not thought through Details of contracts often not thought through

17. Sharing at an International Level: Open Access Initiative

18. What is Open Access? Open Access Open Access We define open access journals as journals that use a funding model that does not charge readers or their institutions for access. We define open access journals as journals that use a funding model that does not charge readers or their institutions for access.

19. Sharing in the international scientific community “The international, multi-institutional and cross- disciplinary project team includes world experts on the modelling of heart disease and cancer. The intention is to use computer power to bring together knowledge at all the different levels of biological understanding in order to provide a coherent theory of biology which can be applied to the disease …” “The international, multi-institutional and cross- disciplinary project team includes world experts on the modelling of heart disease and cancer. The intention is to use computer power to bring together knowledge at all the different levels of biological understanding in order to provide a coherent theory of biology which can be applied to the disease …”

20. “e-Science” and “the Grid” “… The Web has given us shared access to information on the Internet. The new technology for e-Science – a system called the Grid – will provide shared and secure access to distributed computing resources.” “… The Web has given us shared access to information on the Internet. The new technology for e-Science – a system called the Grid – will provide shared and secure access to distributed computing resources.” Blueprint, University of Oxford, Feb 2004

21. Problems Who will pay for Open Access? Who will pay for Open Access? Will the new economic model be sustainable? Will the new economic model be sustainable? How high will author fees be? How high will author fees be? Who will guarantee long term preservation? Who will guarantee long term preservation? Lack of standardisation Lack of standardisation Quality control? Quality control? What will happen to journal brand names? What will happen to journal brand names?

22. How do we achieve effective co- operation? At a local level … In Open Access … Strong leader … Strong leader … Initiative launched by world- class scientists … Initiative launched by world- class scientists … … with a vision … with a vision … who have a very clear vision … who have a very clear vision Incentives for co-operation Incentives for co-operation Main incentive: Open Access Main incentive: Open Access Display savings Display savings Financial implications not yet fully understood Financial implications not yet fully understood Practical application of policy Practical application of policy Many issues still need resolving Many issues still need resolving

23. How do we achieve effective co- operation? At a local level In consortia In Open Access Strong leader … Strong leader … International journal publishers Launched by world- class scientists … with a vision … with a vision No clear vision Very clear vision Incentives for co- operation Incentives for co- operation Cross Access (falling away) Open Access Display savings Display savings Exact savings unclear Financial implications not yet fully understood Practical application of policy Practical application of policy Details of contracts often not thought through Many issues still need resolving

24. Open Access Open Access will succeed, because Open Access will succeed, because it has strong leaders … it has strong leaders … … with a clear vision, … with a clear vision, it has great support from the scientific community, it has great support from the scientific community, new brand names (identities) are being created, new brand names (identities) are being created, it offers significant incentives. it offers significant incentives.

25. The End