2. Finding the payoff in reducing risks Northwest Hydropower Association February 2013 Bill Christman, PE Engineering Services manager Chelan County PUD Wenatchee, WA

3. Earthquake Cyprus Street Viaduct – Loma Prieta earthquake Lack of anti-burst wrapping Lack of connection between upper and lower vertical elements

4. Hurricane Flooding in New York from Hurricane Sandy Buildings in known flood zone – mapped before the storm

5. Dam failure Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydro-electric Dam, Russia - 2009 Missing head cover bolts (known) 41 of 49 bolts recovered had fatigue cracks 10 years of increasing machine vibration

6. Stadium collapse University of Washington - 1987 Sequencing oversight in demolition – “tiny” wires removed too soon

7. Bridge collapse Tacoma Narrows Bridge - 1940 Budget problems Known weaknesses

8. Bridge collapse I-35W Bridge in Minneapolis, Minn. - 2007 Shop drawing gusset plate omission New load w/o verifying demand/capacity ratio

9. Bridge collapse Lacey V. Murrow Floating Bridge across Lake Washington – 1960, above, and today, right. Manhole covers left open Big storm causes internal flooding

10. Sound practice Rocky Reach Dam, Columbia River, WA Post-Folsom spill gate risk reduction: Monitoring and good response to spill gate bearing wear

11. Sound practice Rock Island Dam, Columbia River, WA Monitoring and response to increased uplift (Decrease in foundation drainage)

12. Space Needle Seattle, Wash. 1961 – designed & built to withstand: 200 mph winds Magnitude 9.1 earthquake Center of gravity is 5 feet above ground level Sound practice

13. The higher the risk, the higher the cost No ownership in the results No link to culture and institutional knowledge