1. Chapter 13: The Great War

2. Chapter 13, Section 1
Marching Toward War

3. Rising Tensions In Europe: The Rise of Nationalism
Nationalism was causing both unification within countries and competition among nations
A rivalry developed between Europe’s Great Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France
Rising Tensions In Europe: The Rise of Nationalism

4. Rising Tensions In Europe: Imperialism and Militarism
The quest for colonies also caused competition in Europe
By 1914, all of the Great Powers (except Britain) had large standing armies and engaged in militarism- the policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war
Rising Tensions In Europe: Imperialism and Militarism

5. Tangled Alliances: Bismarck Forges Early Pacts
Germany’s prime minister, Otto von Bismarck saw France as the greatest threat to peace
Bismarck formed the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1879, and Italy joined in 1882 making the Triple Alliance
Bismarck also signed a treaty with Russia in 1881
Tangled Alliances: Bismarck Forges Early Pacts

6. Tangled Alliances: Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace
In 1890, Kaiser Wilhelm II forced Bismarck to resign
Wilhelm let the treaty with Russia lapse and Russia then formed an alliance with France
Germany began building a large navy, causing Great Britain to enter into an alliance with France and Russia in 1907, called the Triple Entente
By 1907 Europe has the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) and the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, and Russia)
Tangled Alliances: Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace

7. Crisis in the Balkans: A Restless Region
By the early 1900’s the Ottoman empire was in decline and new nations such as Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia formed
In 1908, Austria took over Bosnia and Herzegovina, arising huge tensions between Austria and Serbia
Crisis in the Balkans: A Restless Region

8. Crisis in the Balkans: A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
On June 28, 1914 the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were shot in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia
The assassin was Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian and member of the Black Hand, a secret society to rid Bosnia of Austrian rule
Crisis in the Balkans: A Shot Rings Throughout Europe

9. Crisis in the Balkans: A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
Austria used the murder as an excuse to punish Serbia
They issued Serbia several ultimatums to avoid war, and Serbia worked to negotiate
On July 28, 1914 Austria rejected negotiations and declared war on Serbia, beginning World War I
Crisis in the Balkans: A Shot Rings Throughout Europe

10. Chapter 13, Section 2
Europe Plunges into War

11. In response to Austria declaring war, Russia (Serbia’s ally) mobilized towards Austria and Germany
Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914 and then on France two days later
Great Britain then declared war on Germany
The Great War Begins

12. By mid-August 1914, the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria) were pitted against the Allies (Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy and Japan) and troops began marching off to war
Nations Take Sides

13. The Conflict Grinds Along
By the fall of 1914, the war turned into a bloody stalemate in Northern France along the Western Front
Germany developed a plan for fighting a two-front war known as the Schlieffen Plan, which called for defeating France in the west and then rushing east to fight Russia
When Germany lost the First Battle of the Marne to France on September 5, 1914, the Schlieffen Plan was ruined
The Conflict Grinds Along

14. By early 1915, both sides dug miles of trenches to protect against enemy fire, known as trench warfare
The space between trenches was known as “no-man’s land”
The slaughter reached a peak in by November, each side had reached more than a half-million casualties
War in the Trenches

15. On Christmas Eve, 1914, along the Western front of the war, troops began to sing Christmas carols from their trenches
On Christmas day, German troops left the trenches and walked across “no man’s land” to wish the Allied troops a Merry Christmas
Both sides left the trenches and exchanged presents of cigarettes and food
The next day, fighting resumed
The Christmas Truce

16. The Battle on the Eastern Front
The Eastern Front was along the German/Russian border
Russian forces launched attacks into Austria and Germany at the beginning of the war
By August, Germany counterattacked and more than 30,000 Russians were killed in the 4 day battle
Russia defeated Austria early on, but Austria drove them out by December 1914
The Battle on the Eastern Front

17. Russia Struggles By 1916, Russia’s military was near collapse
The Russian army was continually short on supplies as a result of not industrializing
The biggest advantage Russia had was its large population
They continued to send troops to the front, and suffered staggering losses
Russia Struggles

18. CHAPTER 13, Section 3
A Global Conflict

19. World War I was more than just a European conflict
Australia and Japan entered the war on the Allies’ side, while India supplied troops to their British rulers
None of these alliances did much to end the slow conflict
War Affects the World

20. The Gallipoli Campaign
The Allies decided to attack the area known as the Dardanelles in the Ottoman empire to capture the capital, Constantinople
This was called the Gallipoli Campaign, and began in February 1915
Both sides dug trenches and Gallipoli turned into another bloody stalemate
The Allies pulled out in December 1915 after suffering about 250,000 casualties
The Gallipoli Campaign

21. Battles in Africa and Asia
In parts of Africa and Asia, German colonies came under attack and the Allies won three of four German colonies in Africa, as well as their Pacific island colonies
The British and French used their colonies to help supply troops and labor
Battles in Africa and Asia

22. America Joins the Fight
In January 1917, Germany announced it would sink any ship in the waters around Britain. This policy was called unrestricted submarine warfare, and Germany sank several American ships
In the Zimmerman note, Germany said it would help Mexico “reconquer” land lost to the U.S. in return for an alliance
The telegram was intercepted, and on April 2, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Germany
America Joins the Fight

23. Governments Wage Total War
World War I soon became a total war, meaning countries devoted all resources to the war effort
Factories produced munitions and equipment, and every citizen was put to work
Governments turned to rationing- limiting the amount of goods people can buy
In order to keep up morale, countries also produced propaganda, or one-sided information designed to keep up support for the war
Governments Wage Total War

24. The Influenza Epidemic
In spring of 1918, a deadly strain of influenza emerged in England and India, called the Spanish Flu
By the fall, it spread through Europe, Russia, Asia, and to the United States
20 million people died worldwide
The Influenza Epidemic

25. Governments turned to women to help keep production at home going
Women worked in factories, offices, and shops
Many women worked on the front lines as nurses and for the Red Cross
Women and the War

26. The Allies Win the War: Russia Withdraws
By 1917, 5.5 million Russian soldiers had been wounded, killed, or taken prisoner
The Russian army refused to fight any longer
In March 1918, Russia offered Germany a truce and signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Allies Win the War: Russia Withdraws

27. The Allies Win the War: The Central Powers Collapse
Russia’s withdrawal from the war allowed Germany to send all forces to the Western front
By May 1918, the German army was only 40 miles from capturing Paris, but they were weak
The Allies launched a huge counterattack at the Second Battle of the Marne, and crushed the Germans
Germany signed an armistice ending World War I on November 11, 1918
The Allies Win the War: The Central Powers Collapse

28. About 8.5 million soldiers died in WWI and another 21 million were wounded
The total combined cost of the war was $338 billion
Thousands of miles of homes, farmland, and entire cities were destroyed in Europe
The Legacy of the War

29. Chapter 13, Section 4
A Flawed Peace

30. The Allies Meet and Debate
Delegates of 32 countries attended the Paris Peace Conference at Versailles in January 1919
The meeting’s major decisions were made by the Big Four: Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Britain), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
The Allies Meet and Debate

31. Wilson’s Plan for Peace
In January 1918 during the war, Wilson drew up a series of peace proposals called the Fourteen Points
The idea behind the Fourteen Points was self-determination, or allowing people to decide their government for themselves
The last point proposed an association of nations to negotiate world conflicts peacefully
Wilson’s Plan for Peace

32. The Treaty of Versailles between Germany and the Allied powers was signed June 28, 1919
The treaty adopted Wilson’s fourteen point and created a League of Nations
Germany lost territory and gained severe military restrictions
Through Article 231, or the “war guilt clause”, sole responsibility for the war was placed on Germany
Germany had to pay reparations to the Allies and their colonies were taken away
The Versailles Treaty

33. New Nations and Mandates
The Allied powers signed treaties with the other defeated nations including Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire
These treaties led to huge land losses, and many new countries were created. Austria-Hungary was also disbanded
New Nations and Mandates

34. “A Peace Built on Quicksand”
The Treaty of Versailles did little to build a lasting peace
The U.S. rejected the treaty and signed a separate one with Germany
The Treaty of Versailles left a legacy of bitterness and hatred with the German people
Some Allied powers were upset they didn’t gain more land
“A Peace Built on Quicksand”