1. Floor and wall openings and holes

2. Unprotected openings and holes can cause  Employees to fall  Falling objects to strike workers below 1a

3. OSHA's terms  Floor hole  Floor opening  Handrail  Platform  Runway 2a

4. OSHA's terms  Standard railing  Stair railing  Toeboard  Wall hole  Wall opening 2b

5. Protecting floor openings  Stairway - Railings  Ladderway - Railings, toeboards  Hatchway/Chute - Cover, railings  Skylight - Screen or railings  Pit/Manhole - Cover 3a

6. Protecting floor holes  Railings, toeboards  Covers 3b

7. Protecting wall openings  Barrier, removable toeboard  Platform with side rails 4a

8. Protecting low window openings  Slats  Grills  Railing  Toeboard 4b

9. Protecting wall holes  Toeboards  Screens 4c

10. Protecting platforms, runways  Railings  Toeboards 5a

11. Interpretations on platforms, runways  Tank car loading  Alternate fall protection  Hot metal operations  Other "elevated surfaces" 6a

12. Stairway railings - protection depends on  Number of risers  Number of enclosed sides  Width of stairway 7a

13. Standard stairway railings  Similar to standard railing  Height between 30 to 34 inches 7b

14. Standard handrail  Smooth surface  Three inches from the wall  Height between 30 to 34 inches 7c

15. Design and construction - standard railings  Toprail height - 42 inches  Midrail  Posts  Withstand 200 pounds 8a

16. Design and construction - standard toeboards  4 inches in height  Within 1/4 inch of floor 8b

17. Design and construction - floor opening covers  Tapered edges  Parts flush with surface  In roadways – support 20,000 pounds 8c

18. Design and construction - skylights  Withstand 200 pounds  Deflected must not break glass  Screen size specifications 8d

19. Design and construction - wall openings  Barriers to withstand 200 pounds  Grab handles - 12 inches in length  Grab handles - withstand 200 pounds 8e

20. Design and construction - wall openings  Grab handles - withstand 200 pounds  Screens - withstand 200 pounds  Screen size specifications 8f