1. Bacteria

5. Characteristics Prokaryotes
Microscopic (Eukaryotic cells are at least 10x bigger)
Unicellular
DNA is a single circular piece of DNA
Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission
Metabolism
Aerobic
Anaerobic

6. Genetic Exchange Conjugation –transfer DNA through contact
Transformation – acquire DNA from dead bacteria
Transduction – DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another using a virus (genetic engineering)

7. http://highered. mcgraw-hill

10. Survival of the Fittest!!!
Bacteria have been around for 3.5 billion years!! How????
Cell Walls
Capsules (surrounds cell wall)
Asexual Reproduction, but can still acquire other genes
Inhabit every place on Earth

11. Super fast reproduction

12. allow them to withstand drought, high temps., lack of food, etc.
endospores

14. Bacteria are Classified according to Shape and arrangement of cells
Shapes
Coccus : Spheres
Bacillus : Rods
Spirillum : Spirals
Arrangements
Strept : Chains
Staph : Clusters
Diplo : Pairs

19. Gram Stain (pg. 529)
Gram +  simple walls, large amount of peptidoglycan
Gram -  less peptidoglycan, outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides which are often toxic and provides additional protection  more resistant to antibiotics
Many antibiotics (penicillens) inhibit synthesis of cross links in peptidoglycan and prevent formation of a functional wall
Gram negative
Gram positive

20. Gram Positive Organisms
Aerobic, Gram-positive cocci
Staphylococcus aureus (fig 1, 2, 3, 4)
Staphylococcus epidermidis (fig 1)
Staphylococcus sp. (Coagulase-negative)(fig 1)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Viridans group)(fig 1, 2, 3)
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)(fig 1)
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)(fig 1, 2)
Enterococcus sp.(fig 1, 2, 3 )
Aerobic, Gram-positive rods
Bacillus anthracis (fig 1, 2 )
Bacillus cereus (fig 1, 2)
Bifidobacterium bifidum (fig 1)
Lactobacillus sp. (fig 1, 2)
Listeria monocytogenes (fig 1, 2)
Nocardia sp.(fig 1, 2)
Rhodococcus equi (coccobacillus)(fig 1)
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (fig 1)
Corynebacterium diptheriae (fig 1, 2)
Propionibacterium acnes (fig 1)
Anaerobic, Gram-positive rods
Actinomyces sp. (fig 1, 2)
Clostridium botulinum (fig 1)
Clostridium difficile (fig 1)
Clostridium perfringens (fig 1, 2, 3)
Clostridium tetani (fig 1, 2)
Anaerobic, Gram-positive cocci
Peptostreptococcus sp. (fig 1)

21. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (fig 1)
Gram Negative Organisms
Aerobic, Gram-negative cocci
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (fig 1, 2, 3, 4)
Neisseria meningitidis (fig 1; false color of the bacterium., 2)
Moraxella catarrhalis (fig 1)
Anaerobic, Gram-negative cocci
Veillonella sp. (fig 1)
Aerobic, Gram-negative rods
Fastidious, Gram-negative rods
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (fig 1)
Acinetobacter baumannii(fig 1 really A. calcoaceticus)
Bordetella pertussis (fig 1, 2)
Brucella sp. (fig 1)
Campylobacter sp.(fig 1)
Capnocytophaga sp.(fig 1, 2)
Cardiobacterium hominis (fig 1)
Eikenella corrodens (fig 1)
Francisella tularensis (fig 1,)
Haemophilus ducreyi (fig 1, 2)
Haemophilus influenzae (fig 1, 2)
Helicobacter pylori (fig 1, 2, 3, 4)
Kingella kingae (fig )
Legionella pneumophila (fig 1, 2, 3)
Pasteurella multocida (fig 1)
Enterobacteriaceae (glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods)
Citrobacter sp. (fig 1)
Enterobacter sp. (fig 1)
Escherichia coli (fig 1, 2)
Klebsiella pneumoniae (fig 1, 2)
Proteus sp. (fig 1)
Salmonella enteriditis (fig 1)
Salmonella typhi (fig 1)
Serratia marcescens (fig 1, 2)
Shigella sp. (fig 1)
Yersinia enterocolitica (fig 1)
Yersinia pestis (fig 1, 2)
Oxidase-positive, glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods
Aeromonas sp. (fig 1)
Plesiomonas shigelloides (fig 1)
Vibrio cholerae (fig 1, 2)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (fig 1)
Vibrio vulnificus (fig 1)
Glucose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative rods
Acinetobacter sp. (fig 1)
Flavobacterium sp. (fig 1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (fig 1, 2)
Burkholderia cepacia (fig 1)
Burkholderia pseudomallei (fig 1)
Xanthomonas maltophilia or Stenotrophomonas maltophila(fig 1)
Anaerobic, Gram-negative rods
Bacteroides fragilis (fig 1)
Bacteroides sp. (fig 1)
Prevotella sp. (fig 1)
Fusobacterium sp. (fig 1, 2)
Gram-negative spiral
Spirillum minus (minor)- (fig 1)

23. Nutrition Autotrophic Heterotrophic Photosynthetic
Chemoautotrophic (nitrogen fixers)
Heterotrophic
Decomposer
Parasitic
(Treponema pallidum)

24. Bacteria are used to produce medicines Insulin

25. First commerical use of genetic engineering: insulin

26. Important Recyclers in environment
Nitrogen cycle

27. Bacteria can produce chemicals
Acetone, Butanol

28. Bacteria are used to make food
Pickles, buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut, olives, vinegar, sourdough bread, beer, wine

29. Bacteria cause disease
Produce toxins (Clostridium botulinum)
Metabolize their host (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

35. History of Microbiology
1664: Robert Hooke - microscope
1684: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - microorganisms
1798: Edward Jenner - smallpox vaccination
1864: Louis Pasteur - spontaneous generation
1884: Robert Koch - Koch’s postulates
1889: Martinus Beijerink - concept of virus
1929: Alexander Fleming - discovery of penicillin
1977: Carl Woese - discovery of Archaea
1981: First reports of AIDS
1983: Luc Montagnier - discovery of HIV
1995: Craig Venter - complete genome sequence