1. Immune System Benchmark Study Guide

2. What is a PATHOGEN? Anything that causes disease
Can be a bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites
Bacteria produce toxins
Viruses lyse cells

3. What is a VIRUS?
A non-living particle that requires a host to replicate
Can cause disease
Found in soil, water, air, surfaces

4. What happens during the LYTIC CYCLE?
Attachment
Entry
DNA Replication and Virus Protein Production
Assembly
Lysis

5. What happens during the LYSOGENIC CYCLE?
Attachment
Entry
Provirus – Viral DNA is incorporated into host DNA
Cell DNA with virus DNA is replicated

7. What adaptations allow bacteria to survive in different environments?
Cell Walls
Can withstand harsh environments
Endospores
Aerobic or anaerobic respiration

8. What are some useful uses for bacteria?
Make cheese and yogurt
Clean spills
Make antibiotics
Nitrogen fixation
Recycle nutrients/decomposers

9. Describe how Robert Koch explained the cause of disease. Steps?
Pathogen is isolated from a host
Pathogen is grown/cultured
Pathogen is introduced to another host
New host becomes ill, must have same symptoms
Pathogen is isolated – must be same pathogen as original

10. What are the causes of… Malaria – plasmodium parasite on mosquitoes
Mosquito is a vector
HIV – Virus
Passed through exchange of body fluids
Shingles – Virus
Passed on by contact/droplets

11. Define INNATE IMMUNITY
First line of defense
Barriers and Mucus
Non-specific defense
Skin
Mucus membranes
Tears and Saliva
Lysozyme enzyme – breaks down bacterial cell walls and membranes

12. What is INFLAMMATION? Non-specific defense 2nd Line of Defense
Entry of pathogen
Mast cells release histamine
Histamine triggers – pain, heat, swelling, redness
Dilate red blood vessels to allow phagocytes to damage site
Phagocytes (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils) digest pathogens
Pus

13. How does the body react to viral infections?
Virus infected cells release INTERFERONS
Interferons (chemicals) tell neighboring cells to make antiviral proteins
Viruses cannot enter neighboring cells

14. What is the function of white blood cells?
Basophils – make histamine
Macrophage – digest invading cells

15. Describe 2 ways bacteria can reproduce?
Binary fission
Asexual reproduction
One bacteria replicates DNA and divides into two cells
Conjugation
Sexual reproduction
One bacteria passes on a plasmid or new DNA to another bacteria through pili

16. What is ACQUIRED IMMUNITY?
3rd Line of Defense
Build up resistance
Specific Immunity
Body uses T and B cells against a specific pathogen
Cellular Immunity
Antibody Immunity

17. Cellular Immunity Pathogen is engulfed by macrophage
Macrophage presents digested pathogen to Helper T Cell
Helper T cell activates Cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic T cells signal infected cells to commit “suicide”
Memory Cytotoxic T cells are made

18. Antibody Immunity Pathogen (bacteria) is engulfed by macrophage
Macrophage presents digested bacteria to Helper T cell
Helper T cell activates B cell
B cell turns into plasma cell
Plasma cell makes Antibodies
Antibodies circulate through blood stream to find and collect bacteria

19. What is PASSIVE IMMUNITY?
Receive Antibodies by injection or breast feeding
Passive – you DON’T make antibodies yourself
Temporary

20. What is ACTIVE IMMUNITY
Occurs Naturally – You build up immune system
You have to get sick
Body makes memory B and T cells

21. What is an ANTIBIOTIC? Most come from penicillin
Target – bacterial infections
CANNOT be used on viruses
Break down the cell walls

22. What is RESISTANCE?
When a bacteria is no longer sensitive to antibiotics