1. Columbia River Component Site Conceptual Model and Data Gap Analysis

2. The Columbia River Arguably the most significant environmental force in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. -The Center for Columbia River History

3. The Idaho Compass Copyright © 2004 Thousands of years ago, Native Americans inhabited the region we define as Washington and Oregon today. George Chute Copyright © 1950. -Oregon Public Broadcasting The Indian tribes of the Pacific Northwest coast and the Columbia River have always relied on salmon as major food source, a foundation for life, culture, economy, and spirituality. Fishing continues today along the Columbia River using traditional and more modern methods.

4. 11 major dams on the main stem, and hundreds of major and modest structures on tributaries block river flows and tap a large portion of the Columbia's generating capacity: More than 21 million kilowatts. -The Center for Columbia River History

5. The 40 foot-deep channel in the lower river allows ocean freighters navigation up the Columbia to Portland and barges can transport goods to the interior. -The Center for Columbia River History

6. The river has provided irrigation to many local farms which grow alfalfa, potatoes, mint, beets, beans, orchard fruit, and wine grapes. -The Center for Columbia River History

7. Six percent of the river basin’s yearly runoff is diverted to irrigate about 7.8 million acres of land.

8. Presentation Agenda ▀ Columbia River Overview ▀ Superfund Process ▀ Conceptual Site Models ▀ Data Gap Analysis ▀ Columbia River Overview ▀ Superfund Process ▀ Conceptual Site Models ▀ Data Gap Analysis

9. Columbia River Resources/Uses ▀ Natural Resources ▀ Fish and Recreation ▀ Agricultural ▀ Irrigation ▀ Irrigation Returns ▀ Industrial ▀ Power generation ▀ Process water ▀ Waste water disposal ▀ Transportation ▀ Municipal ▀ Drinking water source ▀ Waste water disposal

10. Columbia River Activity Pre – development, pre – 1880s Native Americans have lived along the Columbia River, from the mouth of the Snake River all the way to the Pacific Ocean, for thousands of years and countless generations. It is an area rich in natural resources. Game was plentiful and wild plant foods, such as camas and wapato, were harvested in season. Photo courtesy of Nez Perce National Historical Park, Stephen D. Shawley Collection. But it was the river itself, and its tributaries, that yielded the greatest bounty.

11. Early Settlement Columbia River Activity (1800s to 1920s) ▀ 1800 to 1920 – Settlement (mid to late 1800s) and statehood (1889) ▀ Teck Cominco Mine (1890) and Smelter (1896) constructed in Canada ▀ No Columbia River dams to date

12. Pre-WWII Columbia River Activity (1920 – 1942) ▀ Pre-WWII – Start of major dam building ▀ Bonneville Dam (1937) ▀ Grand Coulee (1941) ▀ Columbia Basin Irrigation Project Initiation (1938) ▀ Port of Pasco (1940) ▀ Canneries ▀ Aluminum Smelters startup dates ▀ Vancouver, WA/Alcoa (1940) ▀ Troutdale, OR/Alcoa (1941)

13. Columbia River Activity (1920 – 1942) Bonneville Dam 1937 Grand Coulee Dam 1941 Vancouver WA/Alcoa 1940 Port of Pasco 1940 Troutdale Alcoa 1941

14. Columbia River Industrialization (1942 – 1972) ▀ Dams Construction ▀ McNary (1947 – 1954) ▀ The Dalles (1952 – 1957) ▀ John Day (1958 – 1971) ▀ Priest Rapids (1956 – 1961) ▀ Ice Harbor (1955 – 1961) ▀ Hanford Nuclear Reservation Construction and Production Activities ▀ Port of Walla Walla (1952) ▀ Nuclear Weapons Atmospheric Testing (1954 – 1963) ▀ Irrigation Discharge (1943 – present) ▀ Richland water intake (1963) ▀ Aluminum Smelters startup dates ▀ Columbia Gorge Aluminum LLC (1970) ▀ Wenatchee Alcoa (1952) ▀ Boise Cascade Paper Mill at Wallula Gap (1959)

15. Columbia River Dams Ice Harbor 1961 Priest Rapids 1961 McNary 1954 John Day 1971 The Dalles 1957 Bonneville Dam Grand Coulee Dam

16. Hanford Nuclear Reservation Timeline (1942 – 1972) 1940195019601970 Late 1950s to Mid 1960s All of the original eight plutonium production reactors operated at their highest power levels during this time August, 1949 The Soviet Union detonated its first atomic bomb 1946 The U.S. Congress passed the Atomic Energy Act September, 1944 Hanford began making plutonium for atomic bombs when B reactor started July, 1945 The first atomic bomb was tested at Alamogordo, New Mexico, using plutonium produced at Hanford January, 1943 Manhattan Project 1955 The last two of Hanford’s original eight reactors started operation 1951 to 1968 The U.S. started domestic atomic bomb testing at the Nevada Test Site January, 1971 The AEC closed the last of Hanford’s original eight once through reactors December, 1964 President Johnson ordered the gradual shutdown of Hanford operations by closing three of Hanford’s nine reactors Bonneville Dam John Day Dam McNary Dam The Dalles Dam

17. 100 AREAS Hanford Reactor Timeline 105-B 9/1944 105-C 11/1952 105-KW 1/1955 105-KE 4/1955 105-N 1964 105-D 12/1944 105-DR 10/1949 105-H 10/1949 105-F 2/1945

18. The Majority of Radionuclides Contamination Occurred After McNary Dam Bonneville Dam McNary Dam Primary Sediment Deposition Hanford Site Historic District: T.E. Marceau, Bechtal Press 2003

19. Key Radionuclides Released to the Columbia River by Year (1944-1971) PNWD-2227 HEDR (1994)

20. 105-KE 4/1955 - 1/1971 Hanford Reactor Shutdown Sequence 105-B 9/1944 - 2/1968 105-C 11/1952 - 4/1969 105-N 1964 - 1988 105-D 12/1944 - 6/1967 105-H 10/1949 - 4/1965 105-F 2/1945 - 6/1963 105-KW 1/1955 - 2/1970 105-DR 10/1949 - 1964

21. Major Development Activities Along the Columbia River System (1942-1972) Chinook Packing Co. Reynolds Metals Weyerhaeuser Co. Longview Fibre Co. Boise-Cascade Kasko Fish Products Jessies Ilwaco Fish Co. Ilwaco AGRIUM Kalama Chemical Co. Fort James Camas L.L.C. ALCOA 1952 Columbia Aluminum Co. Goldendale Aluminum Co. Boise-Cascade 1959 Priest Rapids Dam 1959 McNary Dam 1954 The Dalles Dam 1957 Grand Coulee Dam 1941 Bonneville Dam 1937 Irrigation Area 1943 John Day Dam 1971 Hanford Area 1943 Ice Harbor Dam 1955 Port of Walla 1952 Wenatchee/Alcoa 1952

22. Columbia River Awareness (1972 – present) ▀ Wastewater Treatment Teck Cominco (1982) ▀ Environmental Regulations / Activities ▀ Clean Water Act (1973) ▀ RCRA (1976) ▀ CERCLA / Superfund (1980) ▀ Hanford Reservation Investigation/Remediation Initiated ▀ Tri Party Agreement approved (1989) ▀ CERCLA RI/FS work underway (1989-1995) ▀ 10 IARODs approved for 100 and 300 Areas (1995 – 2003) ▀ Over 6.8M tons of waste removal to ERDF (1996 – present)

23. 1972198019902000 1980 CERCLA / Superfund 1973 Clean Water Act 1973 - June China performs first Nuclear test Hanford Nuclear Reservation Timeline (1972 – present) 1976 RCRA 1989 - 1995 CERCLA RI/FS work underway 1995 - 2003 10 IARODs approved for 100 and 300 Areas 1998 Completed C Reactor ISS project and excavation of 22 waste sites 2000 Excavated 42 contaminated waste sites 2002 Completed DR Reactor ISS project 2003 Completed F Reactor ISS project 2004 Completed D Reactor ISS project 2005 Completed remediation of last liquid waste effluent site 2006 Closed out 52 waste sites Demolished 75 facilities Completed H Reactor ISS project

24. 1995 2000 1996 37,000 1997 496,000 Annual Waste Removed to ERDF (in tons) 1998 669,000 1999 702,000 2000 640,000 2001 610,000 2005 1,000,000 2002 655,000 2003 700,000 2004 500,000 2006 714,000 Thru May 2007 106,000

25. ▀ Columbia River Overview ▀ Superfund Process ▀ Conceptual Site Models ▀ Data Gap Analysis

26. Summary of RI/FS Process

27. Typical Superfund Process Hanford Interim Action Process

28. Where is DOE in the RI/FS Process? ▀ 100/300 area? ▀ Inter-Areas? ▀ Columbia River?

29. The 100/300 Area Source Operable Units are in the final Phases of the Remedial Investigation and Risk Assessment - Status to date

30. The Inter-Area Shoreline Component is still in the Remedial Investigation Phase - Status to date

31. The Columbia River Component is in the Remedial Investigation Phase - Status to date

32. Extensive Sampling has been done along the Columbia River Component ▀ Over 1600 studies from 1940s to present ▀ Compiled by WCH in July 2006 ▀ Supplemented w/ data from: ▀ 100/300 Area RCBRA ▀ Inter-Areas sampling ▀ USACE

33. ▀ Incorporated data from over 8,000 sampling locations into one integrated data base ▀ Over 95,000 Analytical Results Database Summary - Existing Data Surface Water Sediments GW Seeps