1. Fuel Analysis Ashley Mayer, CMRP Manager – WearCheck Speciality Laboratory WearCheck Africa

2. Content Why We Analyse In-Service Lubricants Why We Analyse Fuel Lubricant Tests Fuel Tests

3. Conducting Postmortems

4. Actual Diesel Statistics 16 April 2012 – 16 October 2012 (6,985)

5. Diesel Statistics 16 April 2012 – 16 October 2012 (6,985)

6. Fuel Tests

7. Minimum temperature at which diesel will ignite SANS 342: Minimum 55°C Low flashpoint can cause burnt injector tips Identifies petrol adulteration Flashpoint

8. Fuel Tests Low viscosity causes pump and injector wear High viscosity causes excessive pump loads High viscosity causes large droplet size, slow ignition, smoke and reduced power SANS 342: 2.2 cSt < vis < 5.3 cSt Viscosity

9. Fuel Tests Forms sulphur oxides which form strong acids Forms fine particulate matter SANS 342: < 500 ppm or < 50 ppm Sulphur

10. Fuel Tests Measures temperature range at which fuel turns to vapour Determines starting, power, emissions, fuel economy Identifies adulteration of the fuel Distillation

11. Fuel Tests Determines energy content of the fuel Can indicate IP contamination Density

12. Fuel Tests Ignition quality of the fuel Determined by combination of distillation and density Low cetane index causes difficult starting, rough running emissions High cetane index causes premature ignition, burnt tips Cetane Index

13. Fuel Tests Dirt, rust, microbial contamination Causes blocked filters, pump and injector wear Gravimetric test SANS 342: < 24 mg / kg Solid particulate contamination

14. Fuel Tests Causes rust, microbial growth Can become free water when temperatures drop SANS 342: < 500 ppm Dissolved water

15. Fuel Tests Causes rust, microbial growth Injector/pump wear Often a result of poor sampling Often a result of deliberate contamination i.e. fuel theft Free/visible water

16. Fuel Tests Reduced lubricity to pumps and injectors Illegal, harsh penalties Can test absence or presence ( 0.5%) Illuminating paraffin (IP)

17. Fuel Tests Blocks up filters Caused by long storage time, water content Bacterial Testing

18. Why We Analyse Fuel

19. Avoiding Unnecessary Overhauls

20. Avoiding Production Loss

21. …and Making MONEY!

22. Lubricant Tests

23. Elemental Analysis

24. Ferrous Density

25. Kinematic Viscosity

26. Moisture Detection EnginesEverything else, except transformers and refrigeration compressors

27. Moisture Quantification All components except… …Transformers and refrigeration compressors

28. FT-IR Spectroscopy

29. Titrations (TAN and TBN)

30. Gas Chromatography

31. Debris Analysis