1. Introduction to Systems Modeling

2. Demonstrates aggregate change over time resulting in behaviors such as: – Linear Growth and Decline – Quadratic Motion – Exponential Growth and Decay – Bounded Growth – Periodic Behavior Why Systems Modeling?

3. Address Common Core Standards in Mathematics Standards for Mathematical Practices Model with mathematics Reason abstractly and quantitatively Use appropriate tools strategically Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them Standards for Mathematical Content Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities. Construct and compare linear, quadratic, and exponential models and solve problems. Understand that different situations may be modeled by the same structure. Implement the modeling cycle in constructing a model. Systems Models in Mathematics

4. Support teaching science as inquiry by providing: Opportunities for careful observation and analysis of real world data and relationships. The ability to test hypotheses, analyze results, form explanations, judge the logic and consistency of conclusions, and predict future outcomes. Support Academic Standards for Science by providing: Examples of dynamic changes in stable systems. Examples showing the effects of limiting factors on population dynamics. Systems Models in Science

5. Overarching Goal: Understand how to use a systems model as a tool for learning in science and mathematics. 1.Identify problems that have similar model structures. 2.Identify the measurable variables and rates of change in a systems model. 3.Represent the relationships between variables in a systems model mathematically. 4.Validate a systems model through comparison to real-world data. 5.Develop an inquiry-based investigation that uses a systems model. Goals

6. 1.Graph the speed of a car that accelerates from rest at a constant acceleration. 2.Graph the amount of money in my son’s savings account if his weekly allowance is constant and he spends none of his allowance. 3.Graph the amount of water in a bathtub if the faucet is running at a constant rate and the drain is closed. How are these problems similar?

7. A Linear Graph

8. A Linear Model ProblemChange in YY 1accelerationspeed 2weekly allowancesavings 3faucet output in gal/minvolume of water in bathtub in gal

9. 4.Graph the amount of radioactive material as it decays over time. 5.Graph the amount of money left in my son’s savings from his summer job if his weekly spending is a fixed percentage of the money still in his savings. 6.Graph the temperature of a cup of coffee as it cools to room temperature. How are these problems similar?

10. Exponential Decay

11. A Decay Model ProblemChange in YY 4A fraction of the isotoperadioactive isotope 5A fraction of savingssavings 6A fraction of the difference between coffee and room temperatures coffee temperature

12. 7.Graph the number of burnt trees in a forest fire as trees are transformed from living to burning to burnt. 8.Graph the number of immune people as people progress from being healthy to being sick to recovering to become immune to the disease. How are these problems similar?

13. Bounded Growth

14. Transformation to Bounded Growth ProblemXChange in XYChange in YZ 7Green treesCatch fire rateBurning trees Burnt out rate Burnt trees 8Healthy people Get sick rateSick peopleRecovery rate Immune people

15. 9.Graph two populations, the predator and its prey, for a period of many years. 10.Graph glucose and insulin levels during a day in which three meals are eaten at regular intervals. 11.Graph the motion of a frictionless vertical spring. How are these problems similar?

16. Periodic Behavior

17. Interdependence

18. Problems from different disciplines can be represented by similar model structures. (Goal 1) Graphing the expected output for a model can show the expected model structure, including the variables and the rates of change between variables. (Goal 2) Each model structure has particular mathematical relationships between its variables and their rates of change. (Goal 3) What have we learned?

19. 1.Select the problem you desire to investigate. 2.Find a model representing this problem. 3.Validate the model by comparing its output to real-world data. 4.Experiment with the model by setting the parameters to see their effects on the output. Systems Models in Inquiry-based Investigations

20. 1.The Problem – How long will it take my cup of coffee to cool to room temperature? 2.The Model – http://mvhs.shodor.org/activities/physical/cooling.html http://mvhs.shodor.org/activities/physical/cooling.html – Software: http://www.vensim.com/venple.htmlhttp://www.vensim.com/venple.html 3.Validating the Model – Compare to experimental or theoretical data 4.Inquiry with the Model – Changing parameters Coffee-Cooling

21. 1.The Problem – Design a problem based on one of the pre-built models at mvhs.shodor.org 2.The Model – Select from those on the mvhs.shodor.org website. 3.Validating the Model – Compare to experimental or theoretical data 4.Inquiry with the Model – Changing parameters Do one of your own

22. Overarching Goal: Understand how to apply the modeling cycle to dynamic systems in science and mathematics. The Modeling Cycle Image courtesy of Common Core State Standards Initiative Downloaded from www.corestandards.org

23. How much money do I need to put aside for retirement? Once I retire, how much of my savings can I spend annually without running out? What assumptions can I make about the growth rate of my investments? What assumptions can I make about my life expectancy? The Money Game

24. 1.What is the main topic of this model? Note: This must be a measurable variable. 2.What actions cause this variable to change? What makes this variable increase? What makes this variable decrease? 3.What parameters affect those actions? 4.How can the relationships between the parameters, the actions and the main topic be represented mathematically? Formulating the Model

25. The Answers in Vensim symbols 1. The main topic of our model is money. This is called a box variable in Vensim. 2. Interest and Deposits add to the Money. Spending subtracts from the Money. These actions are called flows or rates in Vensim.

26. More answers in Vensim symbols 3. Interest is based on the amount of money currently saved and the interest rate paid by the financial institution. Money is already in our model as a box variable (our main topic). The interest rate is a parameter (called a variable – auxiliary/constant). The blue arrows show that the mathematical formula for interest uses the variables Money and interest rate.

27. 4. What is the math behind the model? Flows are quantities that are added to or subtracted from box variables. Constants or formulas may be stored in flows. The blue arrows pointing toward Interest mean that Interest equals a formula that uses interest rate and Money. The lack of blue arrows pointing toward Spending and Deposits means those rates are probably constants.

28. Let’s suppose we start with $1000 in our Money account which earns a 5% annual interest rate. Assume there are no deposits and no spending. How fast will our money grow? Doing the Math YearMoneyInterest 11000.05*1000 = 50 21050.05*1050 = 52.50 31102.50.05*1102.50 = 55.12 41157.62.05*1157.62 = 57.88

29. The money we have at the start of Year 2 is the money we had in Year 1 + the interest earned. Have = Had + Change What’s the Rule? YearMoneyInterest 11000.05*1000 = 50 21050.05*1050 = 52.50 31102.50.05*1102.50 = 55.12 41157.62.05*1157.62 = 57.88

30. Open the model money.mdl Explore the model to see the underlying math. Run the model and verify that the Money in the table agrees with the calculations done by hand. With zero deposits and zero spending, what kind of growth does the Money graph show? Model Computation and Validation

31. How much money do I need to put aside for retirement? Once I retire, how much of my savings can I spend annually without running out? What assumptions can I make about the growth rate of my investments? What assumptions can I make about my life expectancy? Inquiry-based Investigations

32. 1.If deposits and spending are set to 0, what kind of growth does the money graph show? 2.What are some other real-world problems that undergo exponential growth? 3.How would you change this model to represent those problems? Reflections on this model

33. Complex problems can be broken down into simple parts involving simple arithmetic. (Goals 2 & 3) Model output must be compared to real world data to validate the model. (Goal 4) Models can be used to experiment with parameters to see the differences in outcomes. (Goal 5) What have we learned?