1. Gender and Economics 2014 ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT FELLOWS PROGRAM Maureen and Mike Mansfield Center The University of Montana Celia Winkler, J.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Sociology University of Montana celia.winkler@umontana.edu

2. Employment & Earnings Wage Gap Education Employment & Earnings

3. Wage Gap

6. Education & Earnings

10. Working Labor Force Participation Job Clustering Child Care Labor Force Participation

14. Richland County

15. Labor Force Participation

16. Job Clustering

17. Child Care

18. Work Time

19. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2487879/Women-work- harder-men-especially-Italy-11-hours-week.html

20. Poverty Individuals Children Retirement

21. Measuring Poverty  In the U.S., the poverty threshold is a historical artifact, based on a 1964 study that found that households spent 1/3 of their income on food, on average.  The 1964 poverty line was 3 times the cost of the “thrifty” food basket.  Since then, it has been adjusted according to increases in the cost of living  Several proposals to change this measure to take into account both differential costs and benefits available in various regions of the country.

22. Poverty Thresholds United States Poverty Thresholds 2013

23. ½ Median: $13,499 Poverty Thresholds Poverty Line: $12,119

24. Extent of Poverty in the US, 1959 – 2009 Year % Poor Poverty Line (Family of 4) Median Income (Family of 4) Poverty Line as % of Median Income 195922.4%$2,973$6,97342.64% 196517.3 %$3,223$8,27938.93% 197012.6 %$3,968$11,17635.50% 197512.3%$5,500$15,84934.70% 198013.0 %$8,414$24,41034.47% 198514.0%$10,989$32,70333.60% 199013.5%$13,359$41,47332.21% 199513.8%$15,569$49,53131.43% 200013.3%$17,604$62,34928.46% 200512.5%$19,971$69,60528.69% 200914.3%$21,756$72,73329.91% 201115.0%$22,811$75,14830.35% Poverty Thresholds

25. Poverty: Individuals United States

26. Poverty: Individuals

27. Relative Poverty Rates among Women, mid-2000s Poverty: Women Janet C. Gornick and Markus Jäntti. 2010. “Women, Poverty, and Social Policy Regimes: A Cross-National Analysis.” LIS Working Paper No. 534.

28. Poverty: Individuals

30. Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2012, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates

31. Poverty: Individuals

33. Poverty: Children

35. Poverty: United States

36. https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/historical/hstpov7.xls