1. دکتر عباسعلی اسکندریان
بسمه تعالی
دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان – دانشکده پزشکی – گروه انگل شناسی و قارچ شناسی
راسته تریکوراتا
Order :Trichurata
دکتر عباسعلی اسکندریان

2. راسته تریکوراتا: Order Trichurata
تمام اعضای این راسته دارای سلولهای مشخصی در ناحیه
مری بنام سلول های استیکوسیت هستند
از نظر اندازه به دو دسته :
1- کاملا ماکروسکوپی (3-5 س X 1 س)، بدن دارای دو قسمت متمایز
و نامتناسب از نظر ضخامت: خانواده تریکوریده – جنس: تریکوریس،
تنها گونه انسانی:Trichuris trichiura (Trichocephal) X 25
2- کاملا میکروسکوپی (1000 میکرون× 40 میکرون)، طول بدن
تقریبا ضخامت یکسان دارند X 1000
خانواده های: تریشینلیده Family Trichinellidae Genus: Trichinella T.spiralis
و کاپیلاریا Family Capilaridae C. philipinensis C. hepatica

3. Family Trichuridae - Whipworms
Morphology :
thick relatively short, posterior end with long thread - like anterior end, whip like in appearance (Trichocephalus) thread-head used in some texts.

4. Trichuris trichuria Whipworm Definitive Host: Humans
Dogs possibly
Intermediate Host: None
Pigs and chickens are transport hosts
Flies will transport eggs on legs
Geographic distribution: Cosmopolitan, including southern U.S.
Warm Climate
High rainfall
Unsanitary conditions
Eggs have been found in a glacier mummy over 5000 years old. Probably evolved with us as we split from our common ancestor with the chimps.
30-50 mm long
Prevalence in the southeaster U.S. can reach 20-25%, mainly in children. Overall prevalence in the U.S. is 1.2%. World wide, probably around 902 million people.

5. Trichuris trichuria
Location: large intestine from cecum and appendix to rectum
Burrows head into mucosa
Transmission: Ingestion of embryonated eggs, usually in contaminated food
Requires high humid, warm climate and shade to develop properly.
Embryonation takes about 21 days.
Eggs can be ingested in dirt, which is a common practice in some areas (and a pastime of many small children).

9. تریکوسفال نر
20×

12. کرم های تریکوسفال نر و ماده

15. Life Cycle of Trichuris trichiura
Adults in large intestines
Eggs go out in feces
Embryonate in soil
Eggs eaten by humans
Emerge into lumen
Juvenile penetrate mucosa
Juvenile mature
Eggs hatch
Eggs are not infective until they embryonate in the soil so no autoinfections.
Juvenile invades a cell in the mucosa and molt four times to mature. Then they poke their posterior ends out of the cell and leave their heads burrowed in mucosa.

17. Diagnosis and Prevention
Diagnosis - presence of egg or worm in stool These are easy to distinguish
Prevention
Proper sanitation in feces disposed and hand washing
Trichuris vulpis common whipworm of dogs of this area. It can infect humans.

19. Trichuris trichiura
Diagnosis: bipolar eggs in feces. Colonoscopy can also uncover worm infections
Treatment: Mebendazole or albendazole. Rectal prolapse treated with surgery
The large intestine is a difficult place to treat orally but these drugs work. Training children and adults how to avoid infections is also important.

20. Pathology Usually asymptomatic if few worms. (<100)
Heavy infection variety of symptoms.
anemia - hemorrhage of digestive tract
secondary bacterial infection
Prolapse rectum
possible cause of appendicitis

21. Trichuris trichiura
Pathology and Symptoms: Low-level infections (<100 worms) are asymptomatic
Large infections can result in diarrhea, bloody stool, abdominal pain and rectal prolapse
Chronic infections in children can lead to growth retardation and finger and toe clubbing.
Often associated with Ascaris lumbricoides infections.
Mode of transmission same
Finger and toe clubbing is an odd thickening of the ends of the digits. The mechanisms in unclear but it is a signal of chronic whipworm infections. Worms feeds on cells of the mucosa and submucosa and blood but blood loss is neglible. Trauma to intestinal lining can result in hemorrhaging resulting in anemia. Some of the damage is due to the inflammatory response of the body to the worm.

22. Epidemiology Poor sanitation-human feces deposited in soil
Physical conditions allowing worm development in soil
warm climate
high rainfall high humidity
moisture retaining soil (clay soil)
shade