1. Architecture
The art of sheltering people both physically and spiritually from the raw elements of the unaltered world
Vertical
Horizontal

2. Great Pyramids at Giza -2600 BCE
Vertical format

3. Pyramid of Khufu- finished 2560 BCE- largest, oldest of Giza necropolis

4. Horizontal format- Queen Hatshepsut mortuary temple. circa 1500 BCE

5. Post & Lintel
Horizontal beams laid across open space between vertical supports
Limited by lack of tensile strength -withstands bending
Has compressive strength- withstands crushing

6. Stonehenge, England 1800-1400 BCE: Post & lintel

7. Hypostyle Hall from courtyard temple of Amon-Mut-Khonsu, Luxor columns- 30’, 1390 BCE. Stylized marsh plants for capitals

8. Hypostyle: a large hall erected in post and lintel construction filled with columns

9. Byodo-in Temple, Japan, c
Byodo-in Temple, Japan, c. 1053: Post and lintel with bracket system in wood

10. Columns Columns- consist of a shaft, base, capital
Fluting- may be carved vertical lines on the shaft
Base- may be none, stepped, or elaborately stepped
Capital- uppermost section, transition from top of column to lintel

11. Greek Architectural Orders
Doric Order- simple shaft, no base, curved shape supporting a squared capital
Ionic- shaft with fluting, rests on stepped base, carved scrolls on capital called volutes
Corinthian- most complex, fluted column rests on a detailed, stepped base with carved, stylized acanthus leaves on the capital

12. Doric
Doric column

13. Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens- 448-432 BCE- Doric Temple

14. Detail of Doric Columns

15. Ionic
Ionic Column

16. Kallidrates. Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens 427-424 BCE
Kallidrates. Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens BCE. Ionic order

17. Corinthian
Corinthian column

18. Maison Carree, Nimes, France-16 BCE- Corinthian order

19. Arch Construction
Stresses transfer outward from center (keystone) to legs: does not depend on tensile strength of materials
Round- Roman
Horseshoe- Moorish
Lance- pointed, Gothic
Ogee arch

20. Arch types

21. Arch Construction Perfected by the Romans by 2nd c. BCE
Can define large spaces because the stress is transferred from the keystone to the legs
Keystone- wedge-shaped central stone in the arch; it is inserted last & locks the other stones in place
Vault- arched masonry structure that spans an interior space

22. Joined Arches Arcade- a series arches placed side by side
Tunnel vault- half-round arch extended in depth, arches placed back to back to enclose space
Groin vault- formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults of equal size at right angles
Ribbed vault- tunnel or groin vault in which the lines marking the diagonal intersection of the vaults are reinforced with raised masonry
Dome-arch rotated 360 degrees on its vertical axis

23. Colosseum, 1st c. Roman- Arcade

24. Sens Cathedral, tunnel vault 1145-1163

25. Reims Cathedral, France 1211-1290: Groin Vault

26. Chartres Cathedral, France, 1140s- Ribbed Vaulting

27. Pantheon, Rome, CE. Dome

28. Oculus in the Dome

29. Great Stupa at Sanchi, 3rd century. Dome

30. Detail of Gateway, post and lintel

31. Dome of the Rock: 684 CE, mosaic wall

32. Arch Supports
Buttress- reinforcement to the legs of an arch to prevent them from caving outward
Flying Buttress- buttress designed to overcome bulk of stone by accomplishing structural ends that were light in appearance

33. Notre Dame de Paris, 1163-1250 - Buttresses

34. Notre Dame- Flying buttresses

35. Contemporary Structural Systems
Cantilever- overhanging beam or floor supported only at one end
Bearing wall- the wall supports itself, the walls and the roof
Skeleton frame-a framework supports the building, the walls attach to the frame forming an exterior skin

36. Balcony created by cantilevered slab, Rome

37. Frank Lloyd Wright: Falling Water, Bear Run, PA, 1935

38. Falling Water

39. Log cabin: Oslo, Norway- Norwegian Museum of Cultural History

40. Bearing wall systems: Fairbanks House, 1638, Dedham, Massachusetts

41. Louis Sullivan. Wainwright Building, 1891, Skeleton frame covered with masonry

42. Variations Skeleton frame
1. Balloon construction: When the framing utilizes wood, as in house construction
2. Steel cage construction: When the metal forms the frame, as in skyscrapers

43. Skidmore, Owings, Merrill. Sears Tower, Chicago, 1971
Skidmore, Owings, Merrill. Sears Tower, Chicago, Steel cage construction

44. Building Materials
Stone- post & lintel; also combined with mortar or brick & mortar, called masonry
Concrete- pre-cast concrete (cast in place using wooden forms around steel)
Ferro-concrete (reinforced concrete)
Wood- balloon framing or post & beam
Steel: steel cage, cantilever
Steel suspension (bridges, superdomes, aerial walkways)
Geodesic dome

45. Stone
Stone

46. Masonry
Monandnock Building, Chicago, Architects: Burnam and Root. Masonry

47. Concrete
Antoni Gaudi: Casa Mila, Masonry and concrete

48. Pre-cast Concrete
Frank Lloyd Wright: Guggenheim Museum, NYC 1959

49. Wood
Horyu-ji temple compound with pagoda and Golden Hall- Nara Japan, ca 670 CE. Wood

50. Steel
Frank Gehry: Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, 2003: Steel & titanium sheeting

51. Steel Suspension
Buckminster Fuller, Geodesic dome

52. Common Terms Line, forms, repetition Materials, texture Balance
Scale & proportion
Color
Light
Space: how do the forms (walls, ceiling, stairs, entries, roof) enclose the space

53. Architectural Considerations
Structural system
Context- the environment. How does the example relate to the physical environment – in contrast to or reflective of surroundings
Circulation: design and flow of contiguous spaces relative to function
Climate-
Function- the purpose of the building
Dynamics- stability, instability & movement
Style- historical reference