2. The Etruscans, Archaic Italy Vocabulary Etruscan Terracotta Tufa Haruspex Acroteria Cella/cellae Tumulus Trempe l’oeil

3. Etruscan Territories

4. The Etruscans, Archaic Italy Etruscans existed in Northern Italy (Tuscany) since as early as the 8 th century BCE 7 th -6 th centuries BCE, Etruscans ruled as kings of Rome By the end of the 6 th century BCE, the last Etruscan king was conquered by the Romans Highly skilled bronze artists

5. Porta Augusta, Perugia, Italy, 3 rd -2 nd century BCE

6. Typical Etruscan Temple Model, 6 th century BCE Tuscan Doric, Acroteria, 3 Cellae, Tufa, Haruspex

7. Plan of Etruscan Temple

8. Roman Architectural Orders

9. Apollo, From the Portonaccio Temple, Veii, 510-500 BCE Terracotta Acroteria

12. Underground Etruscan Tumulus (tumuli)

13. Tomb of the Reliefs, Cerveteri, 3 rd Century BCE

14. Trempe l’oeil

16. Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple, Cerveteri, 520 BCE

17. Capitoline Wolf, Rome, 500-430 BCE

18. Aule Metele, Cortona, 80 BCE Arringatore

19. Ancient Rome Vocabulary Patricians Plebians Engaged columns Verism Atrium Barrel Vault Groin Vault Forum Republic Empire Mosaic Villa Fresco Linear Perspective Atmospheric Perspective

20. Ancient Rome Rome begins as a small village on the Capitoline Hill, the largest of seven hills in Rome in the Region of Latium. Virgil’s Aeneid tells the mythological founding of Rome by Aeneas, a refugee from Troy and the son of Venus. Other mythology attributes the founding of Rome to Romulus, son of Mars, in 753 BCE. Rome begins as a Republic in 509 BCE after the expulsion of the last Etruscan king, Tarquinius Superbus. Roman Republic politics is led by a Constitutional government consisting of 2 consuls and a senate, elected from noble families. The Republic lasts until the rule of Augustus in about 31 BCE when it turns into an empire, to 400 CE. 211 BCE Roman general Marcellus attacks Syracuse in Greece.

21. Rome at the Height of its Empire

22. Roman, Pont du Gard, France, late 1 st c BCE

24. Temple of Portunus, Rome, Late 2 nd century BCE Engaged Column

26. Roman, Head of a Patrician, 75-50 BCE Verism Republican portraiture Patrician/plebian

27. Roman, Augustus of Prima Porta, 20 BCE

30. Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, 13-9 BCE

31. Ara Pacis Augustae, detail, Rome, 13-9 BCE

33. Mt. Vesuvius

34. Forum of Pompeii 79 CE 88 BCE Pompeii becomes a Roman city

38. House of the Vetii, Pompeii, 62-79 CE Atrium

39. Peristyle Garden

41. Fresco, Herculaneum, 2 nd century BCE

42. Roman, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, 60-50 BCE

46. Gardenscape, Villa of Livia at Prima Porta, ca. late 1 st c BCE Atmospheric Perspective

47. Roman, Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale, late 1 st c CE

48. Still Life, Herculanium, before 79 AD

49. Young Woman Reading, Pompeii, before 79 AD

50. Arch of Titus, Rome, 81 CE

51. Arch of Titus, Detail

52. Colosseum, Rome, 70-80 CE

54. Column of Trajan, Rome, 113-116 CE

56. Middle Aged Flavian Woman, Rome, late 1 st century CE

57. Pantheon, Rome, 118-128 CE

58. Pantheon-temple of all gods Coffered ceiling Oculus Rotunda

59. Baths of Caracalla, Rome, 211-217 CE

60. Groin Vault

61. Mosaic

62. Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, Roman, 176 CE

63. Four Tetrarchs, Late Roman, ca. 300 CE Tetrarchy: 2 Augustii (Sr.Emperor) and 2 Caesars (Jr. Emperor)=four emperors. One of each in the Western capital: Rome and in the Eastern capital: Byzantium Porphyry

65. Constantine the Great, 325-326, Rome First Christian Emperor of the Roman Empire, Jr. Emperor in the West Defeats Maxentius in 313 at Battle of the Milvian Bridge to be sole ruler in the West Defeats Licinius in 324 to become sole ruler of the Empire Moves capital to Byzantium-Constantinople

66. Arch of Constantine, Rome, 312-315 CE

67. Roundels date 130-138 CE

68. Late Roman, Audience Hall, Trier, Germany, 4 th cent.

69. Nave Apse

70. Late Roman, Priestess of Bacchus, from the Diptych of the Symmachi, ca. 390-401 391 Pagan worship banned by Theodosius I