1. Soc/EDS 126: Topic #1 The Democratic Conception of Education

2. Announcements If you are new today, see me, and pick up syllabus and assignments New People need to be assigned to groups to write reflections Sections: Thursdays, starting today, 1:00-2:00 or 3:30-4:30, Pepper Canyon 304

3. The Political Economic Context in Colonial Times US: An Agrarian Society (90%) South: large estates (slave labor) North: Small Family farms The Family was the Productive Unit Families were self sufficient-- Faith in the individual hid commutarian processes * Patriarchal

4. The Government Representative, decentralized –Jefferson: If democracy was to succeed, the citizenry must be rational, well informed –Faith in Reason, power of persuasion and negotiation (Influence of Enlightenment)

5. The Jeffersonian Educational Ideal (1787--1820s) Public Education: 3 Tiers-- Elementary school, grammar school, university Caveat: Education Proposals applied only to free, white males Ideas Not Actualized Nationally in his Lifetime

6. 1st Tier: Elementary School: State Supported Available to the mass of the population (males) Duration: Three years Curriculum: "3 Rs" reading, (w)riting, (a)rithmetic, Purposes: Practical: to engage in commerce, buy & sell goods Citizenship: Communication, Read and understand governmental proposals, announcements, newspapers

7. 2nd Tier: Grammar Schools Best students promoted/Selected from Elementary Schools boarding schools tax free enrollment boys only 1/3 dropped out prepare future governmental leaders curriculum: college prep:

8. 3rd Tier: University “Natural” civic virtue--Yield qualified citizens and leaders Courses Languages (Greek & Latin), Government, Ethics, Faculty psychology: mind strengthened by "exercise" General cognitive skills, not specialized vocational skills

9. Curriculum & Instruction: Elementary School Reading and writing in the service of religious/ moral training Content of instruction in colonial schools was primarily religious & authoritarian New England Primer (for complete text see: http://www.gettysburg.edu/~tshannon/his341/ nep1805contents.htmlhttp://www.gettysburg.edu/~tshannon/his341/ nep1805contents.html

10. New England Primer

11. Religious & Authoritarian Curriculum & Instruction Alphabet: guide to spelling, followed by statement: "Now the child being entered in his letters and spelling, let him learn, these and such sentences by heart, whereby he will be both instructed in his duty and encouraged in his learning”

12. Religious & Authoritarian Instruction Memorize verse: “I will fear God and honor the KING, I will honor my Father and Mother I will obey my superiors I will submit to my elders

13. Alphabet of Lessons for Youth An alphabetic listing of statements containing religious and moral maxims that the student was required to memorize: –A: "A wise son makes a glad father, but a foolish son is the heaviness of his Mother” –B: "Better is little with the fear of the Lord, than great treasure and trouble therewith” –C: "Come into Christ all ye that labor and are heavy handed and He will give you rest"

14. Short Catechism ( memorize questions and answers) Q: What is the end of man? A: Man’s chief end is to Glorify God and to enjoy him forever Q: What rule hath God given to direct us how we may glorify and enjoy him? A: The word of God, which is contained in the scriptures of the Old and New Testament, is the only rule to direct us how we may glorify and enjoy him

15. Summary The function of education in Colonial times-- education of citizens for democracy The structure of education: one-room school house Learning: –memorization: authoritarian-- –Teacher/TEXT: (God) is the authority; -- Students are “empty vessels, “blank slates” CONTRADICTION?-given Jefferson’s beliefs and ideals???

16. Summary--Continued Lessons: --Teach duty to family and God; --Origins of “recitation script” --Teacher Initiates, Students Respond, Teacher Evaluates (I-R-E) --Moral lessons connected to “academic” lessons Reading and writing in the service of religious/moral training defined in explicitly Protestant terms