1. 28.2 Western Democracies Stumble
What political and economic challenges did the Western world face in the 1920s and 1930s? How did various countries react to them?

2. French Foreign Policy Peace settlement caused friction in Europe
France built Maginot Line, strengthened military
Strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles
Britain wanted to relax harsh treatment of Germany, worried about France or Soviet Union becoming too strong

3. New Era of Peace?
1925 – Locarno treaties – settled border disputes pledged not to resort to force, demilitarization of the Rhineland
1928- Kellogg-Briand Pact – “renounce war as an instrument of national policy” (outlawed war)
-disarmament (reduction of armed forces/weapons)

5. Problems with the “Peace”
Peace settlement caused friction in Europe
Kellogg-Briand Pact had no way to enforce ban
Disarmament Problems?
League of Nations is powerless -condemned Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Resentment from the losers of WWI
What would you think if you were an aspiring dictator?

8. Great Depression 1929 – U.S. stock market collapsed
America stops loaning money – hurts Britain, France, and Germany
1 in 4 were unemployed in USA, even higher in Europe.

9. Democracy Stumbles
Depression made citizens question democratic governments
Inability to solve foreign policy issues and act strong on aggression further emboldened radicals

10. DICTATORSHIPS & TOTALITARIANISM
Result…
Weak Alliances +
Weak Governments
Weak Economies =
DICTATORSHIPS & TOTALITARIANISM

11. Fascism on the Rise Italy
Objective 1: Describe how conditions in Italy favored the rise of Mussolini
Objective 2: Understand the values and goals of fascist ideology

12. DICTATORSHIPS & TOTALITARIANISM
Weak Alliances +
Weak Governments
Weak Economies =
DICTATORSHIPS & TOTALITARIANISM

13. Fascism on the Rise
Def: Any centralized, authoritarian government that is not communist whose policies glorify the state (extreme nationalism) over the individual and are destructive to human rights. It is anti-democratic, anti-parliamentary and often anti-Semitic.
Wanted no conflict by class or party and held only a single national purpose
The needs of the state outweigh the needs of the individual
Use fear and police surveillance to keep control

14. Benito Mussolini ( )
Began the party in 1919 along with others (veterans, etc..) who were resentful that Italy had been “cheated” in Paris
Used fear of Communism and promises of peace to gain support
“Black Shirts” as intimidation
Played up Italian nationalism to gain support

17. The March on Rome
1921 elections sent 34 fascists to the chamber of deputies
October of 1922 Mussolini and the Fascists marched on Rome and King Victor Emmanuel III
November king and parliament granted Mussolini dictatorial authority for one year to bring order to local government

19. Fascist Ita By 1926: “Il duce” One party system
Heavy Fascist propaganda
Secret Police created to enforce gov’t. rule
Freedom of speech eliminated
"Benito Mussolini loves children a lot. The children of Italy love the Duce a lot. Long live Il Duce !. A salute to Il Duce: Here's to us!".

20. State over the Individual - Propaganda
“The function of a citizen and a soldier are inseparable”
“It is the State which educates its citizens in civic virtue, gives them a consciousness of their mission and welds them into unity.”

21. The Soviet Union Under Stalin
Objective 1: Explain Stalin’s methods of control and the changes they brought to Soviet society.
Objective 2: Explain the facets of totalitarianism

22. Stalin 1924: Lenin dies…begins a struggle over power v. Trotsky
Sentences all those who oppose him to exile, prison, or death
1929: Stalin becomes dictator; all soviet councils are puppets

23. The Five Year Plan
Aimed at building industry, transportation, and increasing farm output
All economic activity under government control – command economy
Increased production – but at a large cost of human life

24. Forced Relocations

25. Collectives Initially not supported
Stalin had kulaks (wealthy farmers) punished
Created the “Terror Famine”
Policies did not increase farm output
Agriculture under government control
Created collectives – large farms owned and supplied by the government, operated by peasants

26. Stalin’s Russia Use of force and propaganda increase
Secret police (KGB) established
Arrest and kill any who opposed the state
“Re-educate” any who doubted the greatness of the state
Purges
All religion was outlawed, cult of Stalin created
Party leaders become the rich upper class

27. Propaganda

29. Gulags

30. Stalin’s Foreign Policy
Comintern
Encouraged worldwide revolution
Supported revolutionary activities outside of the Soviet Union
Caused Great Britain and other countries to break off relations with the Soviet Union
Mistrust

31. Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
Objective: Identify the reasons for Hitler’s and the Nazi’s rise to power in Germany.

32. Hitler’s Rise to Power Background
After the war joined the German workers party and by 1921 was its leading spokesman
Weimar Government was weak so…
From Nazi party grew
Used the SA under Ernst Roehm (Brown Shirts) to intimidate
1922 party membership way up (10x) so he decided it was time to try and seize power

33. The Beer Hall Putsch November 1923
Hitler sentenced to 5 years in jail (served less than 1)
The trial was great PR for his message
While in jail wrote Mein Kampf
Blamed WW1 loss on Jews, Marxists, corrupt politicians, and business leaders
Idea of Lebensraum “living space”

36. Good Times, Bad Times… World wide depression
43% unemployed in Germany by 1932
“Hitler Time”: Nazi promises of national recovery

37. Rise of Nazi Party to National Power (Reichstag elections-parliamentary) 
1926   0%  no seats in parliament
1928   2.6%  12 out of 489 seats
1930   19.6% 107 out of 547 seats
1932   33.5% 196 out of 585 seats

38. Nazi Party Growth
1932 the Nazi’s are the strongest party in the Reichstag
Hitler was appointed chancellor by Hindenburg in January of 1933 by industrialists who thought they could control him and were fearful of communism and socialism (Reichstag had become powerless)

39. Hitler Seizes Total Control
Reichstag building mysteriously burned down
Hitler issues an emergency decree suspending civil liberties
March 1933: New election returns only 43.9% Nazi’s to the Reichstag
Hitler arrested Communists
Enabling Act which allowed him to rule by decree
By late June he has outlawed all other parties and controls all aspects of German society
Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels