1. Diseases This workforce solution was funded by a grant awarded under the President’s Community-Based Job Training Grants as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration. The solution was created by the grantee and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This solution is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non- commercial purposes is permissible. All other uses require the prior authorization of the copyright owner.

2. SHEEP AND GOATS What is wrong with this sheep? Do you see anything abnormal with this hoof?

3. This sheep is not standing on its front legs due to pain. The problem with this hoof is that the upper portion of the hoof in this picture, appears to be abnormal. Compare it with the lower hoof. You should also notice that just behind the hooves, it appears to be swollen. This animal has foot rot (also known as hoof rot)

4. Just like the previous picture, this is a picture of a severe case of foot rot. Disease is usually characterized by swelling of the foot which in turn causes the 2 digits to spread apart. Picture of foot rot in a cow. Note the digits which are spreading apart due to swelling of the area between the digits.

5. FOOT ROT Caused by bacteria Caused by bacteria Affects cattle, goats and sheep Affects cattle, goats and sheep First sign noticed is usually a limp First sign noticed is usually a limp Bacteria which cause foot rot may live in the environment (ground) Bacteria which cause foot rot may live in the environment (ground) Caused either by punctures or being in moist bedding Caused either by punctures or being in moist bedding Prevention includes using a foot bath which contains copper sulfate or zinc Prevention includes using a foot bath which contains copper sulfate or zinc Note the swelling in the above picture of foot rot in a calf.

6. What do you think is abnormal with this sheep?

7. The sheep in the above picture is bloated. Notice the abdomen which is distended. Bloat in ruminants is the over distention of the rumen and reticulum with gases that came from fermentation (breakdown of food). Clinical Signs – Abdominal distention (rumen is on left side so will see more prominent distention on the left side), reluctance to move, not eating, signs of distress (vocalizing), rapid breathing, may stagger and recumbancy (laying down) Bovine which is bloated

8. The above picture is of a goat. You can see its’ ear on the right side of the picture. What is abnormal with this goat?

9. This is an abcess (collection of pus). An abcess may occur due to many different reasons. Some of those reasons include: Site of injection, puncture from a sharp object, animal or insect bites, goat bites his cheek (abcess forms within the mouth)

10. What is abnormal with the sheep in the above pictures?

11. Both of these sheep have uterine prolapse. This will happen right after lambing and can be a life-threatening situation. The uterus has to be manually put back into the ewe. Before doing so, it must be thoroughly cleaned.

12. Picture of the 4 stomach compartments in the bovine species. The rumen is the largest compartment and the abomasum is considered the “true” stomach. This is where most of the digestion occurs. The abomasum can potentially fill up with gas and move from it’s normal location, which is called a displaced abomasum (either right or left) commonly called LDA or RDA

13. To find out if a cow has a displaced abomasum, we use a stethoscope and place it on the cow. We then “flick” the side of the cow around the stethoscope and listen for a “ping”. The above picture shows you the areas that a “ping” was heard in this cow which has LDA.

14. Surgical repair of a displaced abomasum (DA)

15. What is wrong with this calf?

16. Upon closer examination (picture on the right) we can see that this calf has scours. Scours refers to diarrhea in a calf. It can be life threatening as it weakens the calf and also causes dehydration.

17. Ingestion of foreign object which can go through reticulum into rumen. Ingestion of foreign object which can go through reticulum into rumen. Cows with hardware disease exhibit lethargy, have poor appetite, have reduced milk production, also may have a fever, excessive grinding of the teeth or moaning in severe cases. In rare cases, an object may pass through the reticular lining and pierce the pericardium. Cows with hardware disease exhibit lethargy, have poor appetite, have reduced milk production, also may have a fever, excessive grinding of the teeth or moaning in severe cases. In rare cases, an object may pass through the reticular lining and pierce the pericardium.

18. Wire in reticulum Metal door spring removed from a cow’s reticulum (image courtesy of Noah’s Archive, University of Georgia). A nail has penetrated the reticulum, causing traumatic reticuloperitonitis (hardware disease) and the death of this cow (image courtesy of Noah’s Archive, University of Georgia).

19. Balling gun Cow magnets

20. Ileum in cow – normal on left

21. JOHNE’S DISEASE Johne's disease is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that affects primarily the small intestine. Caused by a bacteria – can affect bovine, caprine, ovine (most commonly) Johne's disease is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that affects primarily the small intestine. Caused by a bacteria – can affect bovine, caprine, ovine (most commonly) Symptoms – Diarrhea (projectile), weight loss, weakness. Symptoms may not show up until years after initial exposure. Symptoms – Diarrhea (projectile), weight loss, weakness. Symptoms may not show up until years after initial exposure. Spread through feces and saliva Spread through feces and saliva Treatment – symptomatic – however is fatal – no cure. Treatment – symptomatic – however is fatal – no cure. Similar to Crone's disease in humans. Similar to Crone's disease in humans.

22. Calf – abnormalities??? Sheep – abnormalities?

23. WHITE MUSCLE DISEASE Nutritional disease – caused by deficiency of selenium, Vitamin E or both. Nutritional disease – caused by deficiency of selenium, Vitamin E or both. Will have “white” striations (lines) in muscle tissue. Will have “white” striations (lines) in muscle tissue. Paralysis of limbs Paralysis of limbs

25. MILK FEVER Usually within 48 hours of calving Usually within 48 hours of calving Low calcium level Low calcium level Cow is down – unable to get up. Cow is down – unable to get up. Treat with IV Calcium - slow IV – going too fast can cause “stone heart” Treat with IV Calcium - slow IV – going too fast can cause “stone heart”

28. Stripping the teat

29. MASTITIS Inflammation of the mammary gland Inflammation of the mammary gland Usually caused by bacteria Usually caused by bacteria Swollen teat, warm to touch, red in color, painful, chunky milk (cottage cheese appearance), poss. Bloody milk. Swollen teat, warm to touch, red in color, painful, chunky milk (cottage cheese appearance), poss. Bloody milk. Infusion of antibiotic into teat, “strip” the teat. Infusion of antibiotic into teat, “strip” the teat.