1. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 1 Stairways and Ladders For Residential Construction

2. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 2 Disclaimer/Usage Notes Photos shown in this presentation may depict situations that are not in compliance with applicable OSHA requirements. It is not the intent of the content developers to provide compliance- based training in this presentation, the intent is more to address hazard awareness in the residential construction industry, and to recognize the overlapping hazards present in many construction workplaces. It should NOT be assumed that the suggestions, comments, or recommendations contained herein constitute a thorough review of the applicable standards, nor should discussion of “issues” or “concerns” be construed as a prioritization of hazards or possible controls. Where opinions (“best practices”) have been expressed, it is important to remember that safety issues in general and construction jobsites specifically will require a great deal of site- or hazard-specificity – a “one size fits all” approach is not recommended, nor will it likely be very effective.

3. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 3 Disclaimer/Usage Notes No representation is made as to the thoroughness of the presentation, nor to the exact methods of remediation to be taken. It is understood that site conditions vary constantly, and that the developers of this content cannot be held responsible for safety problems they did not address or could not anticipate, nor those which have been discussed herein or during physical presentation. It is the responsibility of the employer, its subcontractors, and its employees to comply with all pertinent rules and regulations in the jurisdiction in which they work. Copies of all OSHA regulations are available from your local OSHA office, and many pertinent regulations and supporting documents have been provided with this presentation in electronic or printed format. This presentation is intended to discuss Federal Regulations only - your individual State requirements may be more stringent. It is assumed that individuals using this presentation or content to augment their training programs will be “qualified” to do so, and that said presenters will be otherwise prepared to answer questions, solve problems, and discuss issues with their audiences.

4. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 4 Disclaimer/Usage Notes Areas of particular concern (or especially suited to discussion) have additionally been marked with a ? symbol throughout the program…as a presenter, you should be prepared to discuss all of the potential issues/concerns, or problems inherent in those photos particularly.

5. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 5 Stairways & Ladders Injuries & Fatalities: 24,882 injuries, nearly half (11,570) are lost workday injuries 77 fatalities

6. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 6 General Requirements A stair or ladder must be provided at a break in elevation of 19” or more Access points kept clear for free passage

7. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 7

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11. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 11

12. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 12

13. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 13

14. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 14

15. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 15

16. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 16

17. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 17

18. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 18

19. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 19

20. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 20

21. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 21

22. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 22

23. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 23

24. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 24 Stairways Uniform riser height and tread depth Variations not over 1/4 inch for any stairway

25. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 25 Stairway Protection Stairs must have railings; –with 4 or more treads, –or more than 30 inches high

26. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 26 Stairway - Handrails & Guardrails Stair rails at least 36” from tread to top of rail Midrails, screens, mesh, etc provided between top rail and the stairway steps If screens/mesh is used, it must enclose entire opening

27. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 27 Ladders Extension ladders used at an angle so that the horizontal distance is 1/4 the working ladder length Wood job-made ladders with spliced side rails used at an angle such that the horizontal distance is 1/8 the working ladder height.

28. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 28 Too Flat

29. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 29 Use of all Ladders Use only on stable level surfaces unless secured to prevent accidental movement The area around top and bottom of all ladders shall be kept clear of tripping hazards Ladders never moved, shifted or extended while occupied

30. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 30

31. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 31

32. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 32

33. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 33

34. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 34 Job-Made Ladders ANSI 14.4 – 1992

35. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 35 Side Rails Stress Grade Lumber –#2 Southern Pine –#2 Douglas Fir –FJL (Finger-joint Lumber) is acceptable

36. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 36 Rungs 1 x 4 Nominal Dimension minimum –Knots < ¾ ” Diameter –No more than 2 per cleat span No closer than 6” center to center –No closer than 1” from top or bottom edge OR Use 2 x 4 material

37. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 37

38. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 38 Cleats Material tight from rung to rung –Can be similar material (1 x 2 or 2 x 2) –Flat straps can be used –# 9 wire can be stapled

39. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 39

40. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 40

41. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 41 Fasteners Nail Types –Plain shank –Ring shank

42. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 42 Attachments Rungs & Cleats –1 x 4 Three, 3” long, 10d Common nails –2 x 4 Three, 3 ½” long, 12d Common nails Spacing of nails –Stagger ¼” or more –At least 1” from edges

43. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 43

44. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 44 Length Maximum length 24’ Ladders that extend to landing must have walk-through top section

45. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 45 Width Minimum of 16” between side rails Maximum of 20” between side rails Double ladders can be double width plus the width of the rails

46. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 46

47. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 47

48. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 48 Rung Spacing Minimum 8” Maximum 12” Variation + 1/4”

49. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 49

50. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 50 Use of all Ladders Never use metal ladders near exposed energized electrical equipment

51. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 51 Inspection Inspected by a competent person for visible defects on a periodic basis Defective ladders tagged “Do Not Use” and removed from service

52. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 52 Proper Use User shall face the ladder when ascending or descending At least one hand shall be grasping the ladder while climbing up or down Employees should not carry a load that could cause them to lose balance

53. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 53

54. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 54 Step Ladders Never use as a straight ladder –Used only in open and locked position Cross-bracing on the rear side not used for climbing unless designed for such use The top or top step of a ladder shall not be used as a step

55. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 55 Use?

56. Developed under an OSHA Susan B. Harwood Grant, #46F4-HT01, by the Associated Builders and Contractors-Central Texas Chapter 56 Questions? Answers to additional questions can be found in the following source materials –29 CFR 1926 Construction Regulations –ANSI Standards ANSI A14.1 Manufactured Wood Ladders ANSI A14.2 Portable Metal Ladders ANSI A14.3 Fixed Ladders ANSI A14.4 Job-Made Ladders ANSI A14.5 Portable Reinforced Plastic Ladders