1. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Arsalan Yousuf
BS 4th Semester

2. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles
All skeletal muscles are composed of fibres ranging from uM in diameter.
Sarcolemma
Myofibrils (Actin and Myosin filaments)
Each myofibril is composed of :
1500 myosinfilaments
3000 actin filaments.
Ends of the actin filaments are attached to Z-disc.
The portion of the myofibril that lies between two successive Z discs is called a sarcomere.
Sarcoplasm and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The actin and myosin filaments are kept in place by a large number of filamentous molecules of a protein called titin.

4. Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
Action potential travels along a motor nerve to its endings on muscle fibers.
The nerve secretes neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Acts on muscle fiber membrane to open multiple “acetylcholine-gated” channels
Allows sodium ions influx into the muscle fiber and initiates action potential at the membrane.
The action potential travels along the muscle fiber membrane in the same way that action potentials travel along nerve fiber membranes.
The action potential causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release large quantities of calcium ions that have been stored within this reticulum.
The calcium ions initiate attractive forces between the actin and myosin filaments, causing them to slide alongside each other, which is the contractile process.
After a fraction of a second, the calcium ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by a Ca2+ membrane pump this removal of calcium ions from the myofibrils causes the muscle contraction to cease.

7. Muscle Contraction Mechanism

8. Myosin Filament
Made up of 200 or more individual myosin molecules having a molecular weight of about 480,000.
The myosin molecule is composed of six polypeptide chains:
two heavy chains (MW 200,000)
four light chains (MW 20,000)
Myosin head functions as an ATPase enzyme to energize the muscle contraction process.

9. Actin Filament
The actin filament composed of three protein components: actin, tropomyosin, and troponin.
Troponin are actually complexes of three loosely bound protein subunits (Troponin I, T and C), each of which plays a specific role in controlling muscle contraction.

11. Molecular Basis of Muscle Contraction
Active sites on the normal actin filament of the relaxed muscle are covered by the troponin-tropomyosin complex.
Troponin complex undergoes conformational upon binding of Ca2+ binding.
ATP as the Source of Energy for Contraction—Chemical Events in the Motion of the Myosin Heads.

12. Walk along theory of contraction

13. Walk along theory of contraction

14. Sources of Energy for Muscle Contraction
Energy is utilized during:
Walk-along mechanism.
Pumping calcium ions from the sarcoplasm into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Pumping sodium and potassium ions through the muscle fiber membrane.
Energy comes through
ATP in the muscle fiber is about 4 mM.
Phosphocreatinine (concentration 5 times higher than ATP)
Glycogen
Oxidative metabolism (95% of energy is obtained through this mechanism)

15. Fast Fibres vs Slow Fibres
The muscles that react rapidly are composed mainly of “fast” fibers.
The muscles that respond slowly but with prolonged contraction are composed mainly of “slow” fibers.
Fast Fibres
Slow Fibres
Large fibers
Extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum
Large amounts of glycolytic enzymes
Less extensive blood supply
Fewer mitochondria
Smaller nerve and muscle fibers.
Extensive blood vessel system Increased numbers of mitochondria High levels of oxidative metabolism. Large amounts of myoglobin

16. Motor Unit: All the muscle fibers innervated by a single nerve fiber are called a motor unit. small muscles that react rapidly and whose control must be exact have more nerve fibers for fewer muscle fibers Opposite is the case for large muscles e.g. soleus muscles

17. Force Summation:
Summation means the adding together of individual twitch contractions to increase the intensity of overall muscle contraction.
Can occur in two ways:
Multiple fiber summation
(increase in number of motor
unit contractions)
Frequency summation
(increasing the frequency of
contractions)

18. Muscle Hypertrophy, Atrophy and Dystrophy.
When the total mass of a muscle increases, this is called muscle hypertrophy. When it decreases, the process is called muscle atrophy.
Muscle denervation could lead to atrophy.
When a muscle remains unused for many weeks, the rate of decay of the contractile proteins is more rapid than the rate of replacement.
Muscle dystrophy involves a group of muscle diseases that weaken the muscoskeletal system and hamper locomotion.