1. Dale Roberts 1 Department of Computer and Information Science, School of Science, IUPUI Dale Roberts, Lecturer Computer Science, IUPUI E-mail: droberts@cs.iupui.edu SQL Utilities

2. Dale Roberts 2 SQL Utilities 1. SQL*Loader 2. Data Pump Export and Import 3. Accessing Remote Data (Database Links, Oracle Net) 4. Materialized Views (aka Snapshots) 5. Data Dictionary Views

3. Dale Roberts 3 SQL*Loader – Bulk Load SQL*Loader, executed as sqlldr, loads data from external files into tables in Oracle. Very common utility used to process external input interfaces from other applications. Uses a control file to describe the input data files. Control file is flexible and supports the following features: Variable and fixed length record formats Many-to-one physical to logical records One-to-many physical to logical records Data transformations NULLIF Functions – UPPER(:Authorname) Expressions - :taxamount / 100 Formatting – DATE(:birthdate, ‘MM-DD-YYYY’) Default column values – SYSDATE Row selection - WHEN Batch and interactive interfaces Supports partial loads set error and discard tolerance levels

4. Dale Roberts SQL*Loader Architecture SQL*Loader runs locally on the client, therefore all files resides on the client except for the database tables. Input files contain data to be loaded. Control file contains instructions to sqlldr, including describing the input files. Log file contains a detailed summary of the load, including a description of any errors that occurred. Can set max allowed. Discard file contains rows that are filtered out by the control file and did not make it to the database. Can set max allowed. 4

5. Dale Roberts 5 SQL*Loader Control File Examples Variable-length field control file Fixed-length field control file

6. Dale Roberts Data Pump Overview Oracle Data Pump technology enables very high-speed movement of data and metadata from one database to another. Data Pump Export is a utility for unloading data and metadata into a set of operating system files called a dump file set. The dump file set can be moved to another system and loaded by the Data Pump Import utility. Data Pump Import is a utility for loading an export dump file set into a target system. The dump file set is made up of one or more disk files that contain table data, database object metadata, and control information. The files are written in a proprietary, binary format. 6

7. Dale Roberts 7 Data Pump Export Operation Network Export File(s) expdp.exe Oracle Database

8. Dale Roberts Types of Exports TableSchemaTablespaceDatabase Transportable Tablespace INCLUDE / EXCLUDE object filters QUERY and SAMPLE data filters CONTENTS = data | metadata | both

9. Dale Roberts Directory Objects Created as a database object Requires CREATE_ANY_DIRECTORY privilege Permissions (read, write) granted on the object to specific user(s) Not validated – existence, syntax, OS privilege Accessed as user “oracle” at the OS level Default DATA_PUMP_DIR maps to …

10. Dale Roberts Data Punp Interactive Mode NOT the same as old imp/exp! Default starts schema mode export Use command line arguments or par file “logging” vs “interactive command” mode Default logging mode logs to terminal Ctrl-C to enter interactive command mode Job will continue to run even if client disconnects! expdp scott/tiger@fred parfile=myjob.par expdp scott/tiger@fred parfile=myjob.par

11. Dale Roberts Interactive Mode Commands STATUS Status of current job CONTINUE_CLIENT Resume “logging” mode EXIT_CLIENT Exit client, leave job running STOP_JOB Stop current job, do not delete START_JOB Re-start current job KILL_JOB Delete current job PARALLEL Add/remove worker processes ADD_FILE Add dump file during export HELP Get help

12. Dale Roberts Data Pump SQL File Import can generate an SQL file instead of actually performing the import using SQLFILE parameter Contains DDL that would have been executed based on job parameters Passwords excluded No change to target DB Does not include DML for data. (i.e. no inserts)

13. Dale Roberts 13 Database Links Database links allow you to access data in another Oracle database. Requires that Oracle Net (aka Oracle SQL*Net or Net8) be running on both database servers. Links specify: Protocol (eg. TCP/IP) Host name of remote server. Database name on the remote server The database account and password to access the data. Database links expressed with @ sign: practice.ledger@firebird

14. Dale Roberts 14 Database Links Create Database Link syntax: CREATE DATABASE LINK MYLINK CONNECT TO DALE IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD USING ‘FIREBIRD’; Using a database link: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM DALE.MYTABLE@MYLINK; Using a synonym with a database link (location independence): CREATE SYNONYM MYTABLE FOR DALE.MYTABLE@MYLINK; SELECT COUNT(*) FROM MYTABLE; “Dynamic” links using SQL*Plus’s copy command: COPY FROM DALE/PASSWORD@MYLINK CREATE NEWTABLECOPY USING SELECT * FROM MYTABLE;

15. Dale Roberts 15 Oracle Net  Oracle Net is Oracle’s networking software. Formerly called SQL*Net (7.x) and Net8 (8.0.x and 8i).  Oracle Net’s local configuration files are sqlnet.ora and tnsnames.ora. These are located in $ORACLE_HOME\network\admin.  Example tnsnames.ora entries below. LOCAL = (DESCRIPTION = (SOURCE_ROUTE = OFF) (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = DALE)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = ORACLE) ) FIREBIRD = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = firebird.cs.iupui.edu)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = cs10gorc.cs.iupui.edu) )

16. Dale Roberts 16 Materialized Views  Materialized Views (formerly called Snapshots) pre-aggregate data, index the data, and therefore improve query performance. Oracle creates a table that holds the data that otherwise might be accessed from queries/views.  Materialized views are commonly used in reporting applications. Why materialized views instead of views? Classic space vs time trade-off.  When you create a materialized view, you must specify: The query the materialized view is based on. The refresh schedule. How the update is performed (update vs. complete refresh) The key type (rowid vs. primary key)

17. Dale Roberts 17 Data Dictionary - Metadata  Oracle’s Data Dictionary views stores all the information about what is stored in the database.  Three types of data dictionary views: DBA_% views are only available to DBAs (granted DBA role). ALL_% views show all objects the user has privileges on. USER_% views show only objects in your schema.  The Road Map views “meta metadata data”: DICT and DICT_COLUMNS DICTIONARY (DICT) – describes other dictionary views DICT_COLUMNS – describes columns of DICT views  Data Dictionary views can be found in the SYS tablespace but have public synonyms so no schema owner is necessary.  Access to production source code: Viewing production source code requires compilation privilege, which is not normally allowed in production. Granting select access to DBA_SOURCE is one workaround.

18. Dale Roberts 18 Data Dictionary  Important Data Dictionary views: USER_TABLES (TABS) – tables USER_TAB_COLUMNS (COLS) – columns of tables USER_VIEWS – views USER_SYNONYMS (SYN) – synonyms USER_SEQUENCES (SEQ) – sequences USER_CONSTRAINTS – constraints USER_CONS_COLUMNS – columns of the constraints USER_INDEXES (IND) – indexes USER_IND_COLUMNS – columns of indexes

19. Dale Roberts 19 Acknowledgements Loney, Oracle Database 10g The Complete Reference Calgary Oracle User‘s Group, www.coug.ab.ca. www.coug.ab.ca