1. 1 IKI10230 Pengantar Organisasi Komputer Kuliah no. 09: Compiling-Assembling-Linking Sumber: 1. Paul Carter, PC Assembly Language 2. Hamacher. Computer Organization, ed-5 3. Materi kuliah CS61C/2000 & CS152/1997, UCB 21 April 2004 L. Yohanes Stefanus (yohanes@cs.ui.ac.id) Bobby Nazief (nazief@cs.ui.ac.id) bahan kuliah: http://www.cs.ui.ac.id/kuliah/POK/

2. 2 Steps to Starting a Program C program: foo.c Assembly program: foo.s Executable(mach lang pgm): foo.exe Compiler Assembler Linker Loader Memory Object(mach lang module): foo.o lib.o

3. 3 Example: C  Asm  Obj  Exe  Run #include int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; int sum = 0; for (i = 0; i <= 100; i = i + 1) sum = sum + i * i; printf ("The sum from 0.. 100 is %d\n", sum); }

4. 4 Compiler °Input: High-Level Language Code (e.g., C, Java) °Output: Assembly Language Code (e.g., Intel x86) °Note: Output may contain directives & pseudoinstructions

5. 5 Example: C  Asm  Obj  Exe  Run segment.text LC0: db "The sum from 0.. 100 is %d",0xa,0 _main: push ebp mov ebp,esp sub esp,24 mov dword [ebp-8],0 mov dword [ebp-4],0 L3: cmp dword [ebp-4],100 jle L6 jmp L4 L6: mov eax,[ebp-4] imul eax,[ebp-4] add [ebp-8],eax L5: inc dword [ebp-4] jmp L3 L4: add esp,-8 mov eax,[ebp-8] push eax push dword LC0 call _printf add esp,16 L2: mov esp,ebp pop ebp ret

6. 6 Where Are We Now? C program: foo.c Assembly program: foo.s Executable(mach lang pgm): a.out Compiler Assembler Linker Loader Memory Object(mach lang module): foo.o lib.o

7. 7 Assembler °Reads and Uses Directives °Replace Pseudoinstructions °Produce Machine Language °Creates Object File

8. 8 Producing Machine Language °Simple Case Arithmetic, Logical, Shifts, and so on. All necessary info is within the instruction already. °What about Branches? PC-Relative So once pseudoinstructions are replaced by real ones, we know by how many instructions to branch. °What about jumps? Some require absolute address. °What about references to data? These will require the full 32-bit address of the data. °Addresses can’t be determined yet, so we create two tables…

9. 9 Symbol Table °List of “items” in this file that may be used by other files. °What are they? Labels: function calling Data: anything in the.data section; variables which may be accessed across files °First Pass: record label-address pairs °Second Pass: produce machine code Result: can jump to a later label without first declaring it

10. 10 Relocation Table °List of “items” for which this file needs the address. °What are they? Any label jumped to: jmp or call -internal -external (including lib files) Any piece of data

11. 11 Object File Format °object file header: size and position of the other pieces of the object file °text segment: the machine code °data segment: binary representation of the data in the source file °relocation information: identifies lines of code that need to be “handled” °symbol table: list of this file’s labels and data that can be referenced °debugging information

12. 12 Example: C  Asm  Obj  Exe  Run segment.text 0x0: db "The sum from 0.. 100 is %d",0xa,0 0x1d: push ebp mov ebp,esp sub esp,24 mov dword [ebp-8],0 mov dword [ebp-4],0 0x34: cmp dword [ebp-4],100 jle 0x05 (0x42) jmp 0x00000012 (0x54) 0x42: mov eax,[ebp-4] imul eax,[ebp-4] add [ebp-8],eax 0x4c: inc dword [ebp-4] jmp 0xffffffe0 (0x34) 0x54: add esp,-8 mov eax,[ebp-8] push eax push 0x0 call 0x0 add esp,16 0x6e: mov esp,ebp pop ebp ret

13. 13 Symbol Table Entries °Symbol Table Label Address LC0:0x00000000 main:0x0000001d L3:0x00000034 L6:0x00000042 L5:0x0000004c L4:0x00000054 L2:0x0000006e °Relocation Information OffsetTypeValue 0x0000005fdir32.text (LC0: offset 0 of.text segment) 0x00000064DISP32_printf

14. 14 Where Are We Now? C program: foo.c Assembly program: foo.s Executable(mach lang pgm): a.out Compiler Assembler Linker Loader Memory Object(mach lang module): foo.o lib.o

15. 15 Link Editor/Linker °Step 1: Take text segment from each.o file and put them together. °Step 2: Take data segment from each.o file, put them together, and concatenate this onto end of text segments. °Step 3: Resolve References Go through Relocation Table and handle each entry That is, fill in all absolute addresses

16. 16 Four Types of Addresses °PC-Relative Addressing ( beq, bne ): never relocate °Absolute Address ( jmp, call ): always relocate °External Reference (usually call ): always relocate °Data Reference: always relocate

17. 17 Resolving References °Linker assumes first word of first text segment is at address 0x00000000. °Linker knows: length of each text and data segment ordering of text and data segments °Linker calculates: absolute address of each label to be jumped to (internal or external) and each piece of data being referenced °To resolve references: search for reference (data or label) in all symbol tables if not found, search library files (for example, for printf ) once absolute address is determined, fill in the machine code appropriately °Output of linker: executable file containing text and data (plus header)

18. 18 Example: C  Asm  Obj  Exe  Run segment.text 0x15c0: db "The sum from 0.. 100 is %d",0xa,0 0x15dd: push ebp mov ebp,esp sub esp,24 mov dword [ebp-8],0 mov dword [ebp-4],0 0x15f4: cmp dword [ebp-4],100 jle 0x05 (0x1602) jmp 0x12 (0x1614) 0x1602: mov eax,[ebp-4] imul eax,[ebp-4] add [ebp-8],eax 0x160c: inc dword [ebp-4] jmp 0xe0 (0x15f4) 0x1614: add esp,-8 mov eax,[ebp-8] push eax push 0x000015c0 call 0x00001778 (0x2da0)* add esp,16 0x162e: mov esp,ebp pop ebp ret *0x1628 + 0x1778 = 0x2da0

19. 19 Peta Memori.EXE 00000000... 000015C0 00001631... 0000B000... 0000BB04 Obj lainnya (..., _printf,...) Obj lainnya Foo.o.text.data

20. 20 Where Are We Now? C program: foo.c Assembly program: foo.s Executable(mach lang pgm): a.out Compiler Assembler Linker Loader Memory Object(mach lang module): foo.o lib.o

21. 21 Loader (1/3) °Executable files are stored on disk. °When one is run, loader’s job is to load it into memory and start it running. °In reality, loader is the operating system (OS) loading is one of the OS tasks

22. 22 Loader (2/3) °So what does a loader do? °Reads executable file’s header to determine size of text and data segments °Creates new address space for program large enough to hold text and data segments, along with a stack segment °Copies instructions and data from executable file into the new address space (this may be anywhere in memory)

23. 23 Loader (3/3) °Copies arguments passed to the program onto the stack °Initializes machine registers Most registers cleared, but stack pointer assigned address of 1st free stack location °Jumps to start-up routine that copies program’s arguments from stack to registers and sets the PC If main routine returns, start-up routine terminates program with the exit system call

24. 24 Example: C  Asm  Obj  Exe  Run 0x000015c0:0x206568540x206d75730x6d6f72660x2e203020 0x000015d0:0x3031202e0x736920300x0a6425200xe5895500 0x000015e0:0x0018ec810x45c700000x000000f80xfc45c700 0x000015f0:0x000000000x64fc7d810x7e0000000x0012e905 0x00001600:0x458b00000x45af0ffc0xf84501fc0xe9fc45ff 0x00001610:0xffffffe00xfff8c4810x458bffff0xc06850f8 0x00001620:0xe80000150x000017780x0010c4810xec890000 0x00001630:0x0000c35d 0x000015c0:54 68 65 20 73 75 62 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 30 20 2e T h e s u m f r o m 0. 000015dd: 55push ebp 000015de:89e5 mov ebp,esp 000015e0: 81ec18000000 sub esp,0x18 000015e6: c745f800000000 mov [ebp-8],0 000015ed: c745fc00000000 mov [ebp-4],0 000015f4: 817dfc64000000 cmp [ebp-4],0x64 000015fb: 7e05 jle 0x1602 000015fd: e912000000 jmp 0x1614

25. 25.ASM,.O, &.EXE (FORMAT COFF)

26. 26 Example: C  Asm  Obj  Exe  Run.text LC0:.ascii "The sum from 0.. 100 is %d\12\0" main: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp subl $24,%esp movl $0,-8(%ebp) movl $0,-4(%ebp) L3: cmpl $100,-4(%ebp) jle L6 jmp L4 L6: movl -4(%ebp),%eax imull -4(%ebp),%eax addl %eax,-8(%ebp) L5: incl -4(%ebp) jmp L3 L4: addl $-8,%esp movl -8(%ebp),%eax pushl %eax pushl LC0 call _printf addl $16,%esp L2: movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret

27. 27 Example: C  Asm  Obj  Exe  Run.text 0x0:.ascii "The sum from 0.. 100 is %d\12\0" 0x20: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp subl $24,%esp movl $0,-8(%ebp) movl $0,-4(%ebp) 0x34: cmpl $100,-4(%ebp) jle 6 (0x40) jmp 0x14 (0x50) 0x40: movl -4(%ebp),%eax imull -4(%ebp),%eax addl %eax,-8(%ebp) 0x4a: incl -4(%ebp) jmp -0x1b (0x34) 0x50: addl $-8,%esp movl -8(%ebp),%eax pushl %eax pushl 0x0 call 0x0 (undefined) addl $16,%esp 0x64: movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret

28. 28 Symbol Table Entries °Symbol Table Label Address LC0:0x00000000 L2:0x00000064 L3:0x00000034 L4:0x00000050 L5:0x0000004a L6:0x00000040 main:0x00000020 °Relocation Information AddressInstr. TypeDependency 0x0000005ccallprintf

29. 29 Example: C  Asm  Obj  Exe  Run.text 0x15c0:.ascii "The sum from 0.. 100 is %d\12\0" 0x15e0: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp subl $24,%esp movl $0,-8(%ebp) movl $0,-4(%ebp) 0x15f4: cmpl $100,-4(%ebp) jle 6 (0x1600) jmp 0x14 (0x1610) 0x1600: movl -4(%ebp),%eax imull -4(%ebp),%eax addl %eax,-8(%ebp) 0x160a: incl -4(%ebp) jmp -0x1b (0x15f4) 0x1610: addl $-8,%esp movl -8(%ebp),%eax pushl %eax pushl 0x15c0 call 0x2d90 addl $16,%esp 0x1624: movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret