1. OFDM, Quick Intro K7DEN

2. OUTLINE zOVERVIEW ABOUT OFDM zDEFINITION AND PRINCIPLES zOFDM ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS zAPPLICATIONS zCONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

3. OVERVIEW ABOUT OFDM zOFDM was invented more than 40 years ago. zOFDM has been adopted for several technologies: y Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) services. y IEEE 802.11a/g, IEEE 802.16a. y Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB). y Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcast: DVD in Europe, ISDB in Japan y 4G, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.16, and IEEE 802.20.

4. WHY OFDM ? zHigh bit rate needs are clumped by the nature of communication channels. zMulti-path Propagation effects forbid increasing of transmission rates.

5. OUTLINE zOVERVIEW ABOUT OFDM zDEFINITION AND PRINCIPLES zOFDM ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS

6. OFDM DEFINITION zOFDM = Orthogonal FDM zCarrier centers are put on orthogonal frequencies zORTHOGONALITY - The peak of each signal coincides with trough of other signals zSubcarriers are spaced by 1/Ts

7. Modulation

8. PRINCIPLES zBASIC IDEA : Channel bandwidth is divided into multiple subchannels to reduce ISI and frequency-selective fading. zMulticarrier transmission : Subcarriers are orthogonal each other in frequency domain.

9. PRINCIPLES zTime-domain spreading: ySpreading is achieved in the time-domain by repeating the same information in an OFDM symbol on two different sub-bands => Frequency Diversity. zFrequency-domain spreading: ySpreading is achieved by choosing conjugate symmetric inputs for the input to the IFFT (real output) yExploits frequency diversity and helps reduce the transmitter complexity/power consumption.

10. FDM  OFDM zFrequency Division Multiplexing zOFDM frequency dividing EARN IN SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY

11. z The baseband OFDM signals can be written as Where is the central frequency of the mth sub- channel and is the corresponding transmitted symbol. z The signals are orthogonal over [0, T ] as illustrated below: OFDM THEORY

12. FEC IFFT DAC Linear PA add cyclic extension bits fcfc OFDM symbol Pulse shaper & view this as a time to frequency mapper Generic OFDM Transmitter Complexity (cost) is transferred back from the digital to the analog domain! Serial to Parallel

13. AGC fcfc VCO Sampler FFT Error gross offset Slot & fine offset Freq. Offset Estimation Timing Sync. (of all tones sent in one OFDM symbol) Generic OFDM Receiver Recovery P/S and Detection

14. OUTLINE zOVERVIEW ABOUT OFDM zDEFINITION AND PRINCIPLES zOFDM ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS zAPPLICATIONS

15. OFDM ADVANTAGES zOFDM is spectrally efficient y IFFT/FFT operation ensures that sub-carriers do not interfere with each other. zOFDM has an inherent robustness against narrowband interference. y Narrowband interference will affect at most a couple of subchannels. y Information from the affected subchannels can be erased and recovered via the forward error correction (FEC) codes. zEqualization is very simple compared to Single-Carrier systems

16. OFDM ADVANTAGES zOFDM has excellent robustness in multi-path environments. y Cyclic prefix preserves orthogonality between sub- carriers. y Cyclic prefix allows the receiver to capture multi- path energy more efficiently. zAbility to comply with world-wide regulations: y Bands and tones can be dynamically turned on/off to comply with changing regulations. zCoexistence with current and future systems: y Bands and tones can be dynamically turned on/off for enhanced coexistence with the other devices.

17. OFDM DRAWBACKS zHigh sensitivity inter-channel interference, ICI zOFDM is sensitive to frequency, clock and phase offset zThe OFDM time-domain signal has a relatively large peak- to-average ratio y tends to reduce the power efficiency of the RF amplifier y non-linear amplification destroys the orthogonality of the OFDM signal and introduced out-of-band radiation

18. OUTLINE zOVERVIEW ABOUT OFDM zDEFINITION AND PRINCIPLES zOFDM ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS zAPPLICATIONS

19. Standards zDigital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) zDigital Video Broadcasting (DVB) zAsymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) zWireless LAN IEEE 802.11a yWireless networking, device connectivity zProposed for 802.16 standard yConnection between subscriber's transceiver station and a base transceiver station

20. Digital Radio zCoded OFDM Transmitter COFDM Transmitter

21. DRM zFor HF Frequencies y4.5 – 5 kHz for half channel xData Rates of 4 – 14.5 kbit/s y9 – 10 kHz for full channel xData Rates of 8 – 35kbit/s y18-20 kHz for double channel xData Rates of 31 – 72kbit/s

22. Products zAOR ARD9800 yhttp://www.hamradio-dv.org/aor.htm zIcom D-Star zWinDRM

23. Proprietary OFDM Flavours Wideband-OFDM (W-OFDM) of Wi-LAN www.wi-lan.com Flash OFDM from Flarion www.flarion.com Vector OFDM (V-OFDM) of Cisco, Iospan,etc. www.iospan.com -- 2.4 GHz band -- 30-45Mbps in 40MHz -- large tone-width (for mobility, overlay) -- Freq. Hopping for CCI reduction, reuse -- 1.25 to 5.0MHz BW -- mobility support -- MIMO Technology -- non-LoS coverage, mainly for fixed access -- upto 20 Mbps in MMDS Wi-LAN leads the OFDM Forum -- many proposals submitted to IEEE 802.16 Wireless MAN Cisco leads the Broadand Wireless Internet Forum (BWIF)