1. Washington Administration US History Fall 2009

2. Essential Question How did domestic and foreign affairs shape American politics in the 1790s?

3. Introduction I. Unique Nature of the 1 st Presidential Election A. Old Congress set up electoral procedures and passed out of existence B. Feb 4, 1789: First Electoral College elects G.W. by a unanimous vote – 1 st and only time! C. March 4, 1789: 1 st Congress meets in NYC; only 8 senators and representatives present! D. Untried Constitution and nation II. Nothing like it before in History

4. Major Problems Await Financial Issues Financial Issues Distrust of Government Distrust of Government Foreign Policy Foreign Policy Creation of agencies and departments Creation of agencies and departments

5. Creating the 1 st Federal Government 12 Proposed amendments (only 10 ratified) 12 Proposed amendments (only 10 ratified) Cabinet Positions Cabinet Positions Department of State Department of State Department of Treasury Department of Treasury Department of War Department of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1789 Composition Composition Purpose Purpose

6. Financing the Federal Government Basic Problem: Big debt v. no money Basic Problem: Big debt v. no money $52 million owed by national government States owed an additional $25 million Question of funding Face value?? Foreign Debt?? Domestic Debt??

7. Hamilton’s Financial Plan Full funding of national AND state debt (assumption) Full funding of national AND state debt (assumption) Create a Bank of the US Create a Bank of the US Tariff on Imports Tariff on Imports Excise taxes to provide additional revenue Excise taxes to provide additional revenue

8. Opposition to Hamilton Key Players: Madison and Jefferson Key Players: Madison and Jefferson Oppose full funding: no speculators Bank is unconstitutional! Alternate tariff for manufacturing Lower Excise Taxes

9. The Bank Issue Hamilton: “Loose construction” of the Constitution Hamilton: “Loose construction” of the Constitution What the Constitution doesn’t forbid it permits, or What the Constitution doesn’t forbid it permits, or If it doesn’t say you can’t, you can! If it doesn’t say you can’t, you can! Madison/Jefferson: “Strict Construction” Madison/Jefferson: “Strict Construction” What the Constitution doesn’t permit it forbids, OR What the Constitution doesn’t permit it forbids, OR If it doesn’t say you can, then you can’t! If it doesn’t say you can, then you can’t!

10. Loose Construction “That every power vested in a government is in its nature sovereign, and includes, by force of the term, a right to employ all the means requisite and fairly applicable to the attainment of the ends of such power, and which are not precluded by restrictions and exceptions specified in the Constitution, or not immoral, or not contrary to the essential ends of political society”. “That every power vested in a government is in its nature sovereign, and includes, by force of the term, a right to employ all the means requisite and fairly applicable to the attainment of the ends of such power, and which are not precluded by restrictions and exceptions specified in the Constitution, or not immoral, or not contrary to the essential ends of political society”.

11. Strict Construction The incorporation of a bank, and the powers assumed by this bill, have not, in my opinion, been delegated to the United States, by the Constitution. The incorporation of a bank, and the powers assumed by this bill, have not, in my opinion, been delegated to the United States, by the Constitution. The second general phrase is, "to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the enumerated powers." But they (bank functions) can all be carried into execution without a bank. A bank therefore is not necessary, and consequently not authorized by this phrase. The second general phrase is, "to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the enumerated powers." But they (bank functions) can all be carried into execution without a bank. A bank therefore is not necessary, and consequently not authorized by this phrase.

12. Washington Supports Hamilton Bank Bill Passes Bank Bill Passes Debt to be fully “funded” Debt to be fully “funded” Old securities exchanged for new securities at face value Old securities exchanged for new securities at face value Plan binds securities holders to the new government Plan binds securities holders to the new government Assumption bill: Passes w/ compromise on location of capital Assumption bill: Passes w/ compromise on location of capital

13. Foreign Policy in Early Federal Period Outbreak of French Revolution Outbreak of French Revolution Early, massive popular support for revolutionaries Early, massive popular support for revolutionaries Divisions occur w/ 1792 war Divisions occur w/ 1792 war Situation gets serious when England enters Situation gets serious when England enters

14. French Revolution

15. Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation 1778 Alliance w/ France 1778 Alliance w/ France Washington’s Position Washington’s Position Major political uproar Major political uproar Citizen Genet Citizen Genet Citizen Genet

16. Great Britain and the US Basic Problems Basic Problems Jay Treaty Jay Treaty Problems with Treaty: Problems with Treaty: Was a treaty with Great Britain Was a treaty with Great Britain Acknowledged inferiority of US Acknowledged inferiority of US Implications Implications John Jay

17. Terms of Jay’s Treaty Great Britain agrees to evacuate NW Territory Great Britain agrees to evacuate NW Territory Pre-Revolution Debts move to arbitration Pre-Revolution Debts move to arbitration England agrees to pay for seized goods in West Indies England agrees to pay for seized goods in West Indies Ratified by Senate (20-10) in June 1795 Ratified by Senate (20-10) in June 1795

18. Jay’s Treaty Continued Non-Issues: Non-Issues: British Incitement of Indians in NW British Incitement of Indians in NW Future Seizures Future Seizures Impressment Impressment Trade with West Indies opened Trade with West Indies opened Pinckney Treaty with Spain Pinckney Treaty with Spain

19. The Jay Treaty Jay Denounced Jay Denounced

20. The Farewell 1796: Washington decides to retire (again) 1796: Washington decides to retire (again) The Farewell Address The Farewell Address Legacy of Washington’s Presidency Legacy of Washington’s Presidency “Legitimacy” “Legitimacy” Important Precedents Important Precedents

21. The First Political Party System The Federalist Party The Federalist Party Strong central (Federal) government Strong central (Federal) government Loose Construction of the Constitution Loose Construction of the Constitution Promote economic growth, particularly commerce and manufacturing Promote economic growth, particularly commerce and manufacturing Pro-British in foreign policy Pro-British in foreign policy

22. The First Political Party System The Republican Party (sometimes called “Democratic-Republicans”) The Republican Party (sometimes called “Democratic-Republicans”) State rights over Federal power State rights over Federal power Strict Construction of the Constitution Strict Construction of the Constitution Remain mostly agricultural Remain mostly agricultural Pro-French foreign policy Pro-French foreign policy

23. The First Political Party System Characteristics of the First Party System Characteristics of the First Party System Elitist Elitist Intensely partisan Intensely partisan Importance of foreign policy Importance of foreign policy

24. The Adams Presidency The Election of 1796: What it Wasn’t The Election of 1796: What it Wasn’t No “campaign” No “campaign” Word did not exist in that sense Word did not exist in that sense Undignified to solicit votes Undignified to solicit votes Few people made speeches for anyone Few people made speeches for anyone No “ticket”: no President/Vice Presidential candidate for each party No “ticket”: no President/Vice Presidential candidate for each party

25. The Adams Presidency The Election of 1796: Results The Election of 1796: Results John Adams wins: 71 votes John Adams wins: 71 votes Thomas Jefferson 2 nd : 68 votes Thomas Jefferson 2 nd : 68 votes Thomas Pinckney: 59 votes Thomas Pinckney: 59 votes Aaron Burr: 30 votes Aaron Burr: 30 votes

26. The Adams Presidency Problems of the Adams Administration Problems of the Adams Administration Followed Washington Followed Washington Conflict among Federalists Conflict among Federalists Hamilton v. Adams Hamilton v. Adams Foreign Policy Foreign Policy

27. The Adams Presidency Problems with France Problems with France Anger over neutrality Anger over neutrality Anger over Jay Treaty with Great Britain Anger over Jay Treaty with Great Britain Seize over 300 U.S. ships by 1797 Seize over 300 U.S. ships by 1797

28. The Adams Presidency Cause and Effect in Adams Administration Cause and Effect in Adams Administration Adams seeks a treaty: X, Y, and Z Affair Adams seeks a treaty: X, Y, and Z Affair Anger over XYZ produces Quasi-War Anger over XYZ produces Quasi-War Quasi-War leads to Alien and Sedition Acts Quasi-War leads to Alien and Sedition Acts Alien and Sedition Acts lead to Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Alien and Sedition Acts lead to Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions All of the above influence election of 1800 All of the above influence election of 1800

29. The Election of 1800 Candidate Party Electoral Vote Thomas Jefferson (VA) Republican 73* Aaron Burr (NY) Republican 73 John Adams (MA) Federalist 65 C.C. Pinckney (SC) Federalist 64 John Jay (NY) Federalist 1

30. The Election of 1800 The House voted 36 times before the tie was broken The House voted 36 times before the tie was broken Federalists still controlled the House Federalists still controlled the House Hamilton backed Jefferson Hamilton backed Jefferson Disliked Jefferson’s politics, but Disliked Jefferson’s politics, but HATED Burr HATED Burr 12 th Amendment changed the procedure 12 th Amendment changed the procedure

31. The “Revolution” of 1800