1. Climate Zones

2. Tropical wet Rainforest region Occupies 8 % of Africa around the equator Many disease carrying insects Contains tsetse fly- makes ability to raise livestock impossible

4. Tropical wet and dry Known as the savannah region Occupied 45-50 % of Africa Area where most people live Unpredictable rainfall Desertification occurring in Sahel region

6. Deserts Makes up 40 % of Africa Sahara Deserts: largest desert in the world Other deserts: Kalahari and Namib

8. Mediterranean Hot, dry summers, cool moist winters Found in northern and southern tip

9. Impact of geography although many of Africa’s people have lived on and migrated across the region, it discouraged Europeans from sailing and exploring it

10. Europeans referred to this land as the “Dark Continent”

12. Migration

13. 1. What words do you associate with migration? migrate move immigrate Emigrate

14. 2. What is migration? Movement from one place to another

15. 3. who does it? People Animals Plants

16. 4. Why is it done? People Economic opportunities Political reasons Get an education Better climate Animals Food source Plants Wind Water Animals people

17. 5. How does it happen? Travel on foot Horseback Car Boat Plane train

19. Bantu Migrations

20. migration Movement from one place to another

21. Bantu people: African group that originally lived in the savannah south of the Sahara Moved into the southern and eastern regions of Africa around 2,000 years ago – Overpopulation and poor soil in the region led to movement

23. Despite wars with several tribes such as the Bambuti and San, Bantus exchanged ideas and intermarried with people they joined

24. Migration helped unify the continent – Bantu language has evolved into over 900 languages across the continent

27. Practice Questions!

28. 1.Which statement explains a cause rather than an effect of the Bantu migration between 500 B.C. and A.D. 1500? 1.Techniques for herding and cultivating were spread to other peoples. 2.More than sixty million people now speak a Bantu language. 3.Trading cities developed along the coast of east Africa. 4.Population increases put pressure on agriculture.

29. 2. A similarity between Bantu migrations in Africa and migrations of the ancient Aryans into South Asia is that both moved 1.across the Atlantic Ocean 2.from rural lands to urban areas 3.in search of additional food sources 4.for religious freedom

30. 3. The Bantu cleared the land, then fertilized it with ashes. When the land could no longer support their families, the Bantu moved further south. By 1110 B.C., the Bantu had spread their rich culture throughout central and southern Africa. Which agricultural technique is described in this passage? 1.irrigation 2.terrace farming 3.slash-and-burn 4.crop rotation

31. 4. The primary reason the Bantu-speaking people of West Africa migrated southward and eastward between 500 B.C. and A.D. 1500 was to 1.flee warfare 2.seek religious freedom 3.establish a colonial empire 4.find land for farming and grazing

32. 5....“One theory is that there were waves of migration, one moving through the east of Africa and another making its way through the centre of the continent. In Zambia, there is evidence of at least three routes of migration – from the great lakes, from the Congo forest and from Angola.”... Source: BBC, The Story of Africa: Early History This passage about the early history of Africa describes migrations associated with which group of people? 1.Phoenicians 2.Bantu 3.Moors 4.Babylonians

33. Ghana

36. earliest of Africa’s Western Empires Located on trade routes between North Africa (salt) and West and Central Africa Traded gold for salt-salt viewed as valuable as gold

38. Began accepting Islamic faith – Result of cultural diffusion with traders Developed Swahili – Language of trade (Blending Bantu and Arabic languages)

39. Mali (1235-1400AD)

41. Expanded on area of former Ghana empire Empire built on gold Islam spread!!

42. Mansa Musa Brought glory to Mali Richest king in history

43. Gave away so much gold that it attracted European attention to Africa – To protect his mine, killed his mine workers and the mine was never found

44. Ordered mosques to be built in Timbuktu – Center of learning and trade Power and influence decline by 1400 AD

45. continued African Empires

46. Songhai (1400AD-1600AD) formerly the Mali Empire largest of Western African empires Sunni Ali – established Mali trade routes

47. Askia Muhammad – brought golden age – system of taxes – on Hajj to Mecca brought back scholars, teachers and doctors Fell to Europeans in 1550 AD

48. Benin (1300s AD) located near the delta of the Niger River known for – art and sculpture – negotiation – political ability established the slave trade with the Portuguese in the 1480s defeated by the Portuguese

49. Ibn Battuta 1305-1377 AD) Muslim traveler and historian from Tangier North Africa traveled the world for over 27 years, visiting most countries of the Islamic World

50. Ibn Battura continued Wrote a Book - Travels in Asia and Africa – provides information of the Muslim world during that time