1. 9 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. Tuning the Buffer Cache

2. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-2 Objectives After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe the buffer cache architecture Size the buffer cache Resolve common performance issues related to the buffer cache Use common diagnostic indicators to suggest a possible solution

3. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-3 Spfile Temp Data file Undo Oracle Database Architecture PMON SMON RECO MMON MMNL PSP0 MMANDBWnLGWR CKPT CJQ0 S000 D000 QMNC Qnnn FMON ARCn CTWR RVWR Fixed size Shared pool Large pool Java pool Streams pool Default buffer cache Keep buffer cache Recycle buffer cache nK buffer caches Redo log buffer ASH buffer Sort extent pool Global context pool SGA Flash back buffer Instance Flashback logs Redo log files Archive log files Control files SYSTEM SYSAUX Change tracking file Password file

4. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-4 Buffer Cache: Highlights Scalable architecture: –Multiversion concurrency control –Proprietary LRU-based replacement policy –Cache fusion Incremental checkpointing mechanism Advisors Private pool for I/O intensive operations

5. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-5 Database Buffers SGA DB buffer cache DBWn Server

6. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-6 Buffer Hash Table For Lookups Hash buckets table Cache buffer chains latches Buffer hash chains CR clones Buffer headers A B C C E F Buffer cache C CE A B F

7. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-7 Working Sets Default Keep Recycle n K Buffer cache C A B A C Working set 1 Working set 2 Auto-tuned … D F E D F B D E F Buffer cache LRUCKPTs LRUCKPTs C A

8. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-8 Notes only page

9. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-9 Tuning Goals and Techniques It is recommended to use Automatic Shared Memory Management (ASMM). Tuning goals: –Servers find data in memory –No waits on the buffer cache Diagnostic measures: –Wait events –The V$DB_CACHE_ADVICE view and cache hit ratio Tuning techniques: –Review ADDM recommendations if ASMM is used. –Reduce the number of blocks required by SQL statements. –Increase buffer cache size, use multiple buffer pools.

10. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-10 Notes only page

11. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-11 Symptoms The symptoms that indicate a buffer cache problem: Latch:cache buffer chains Latch:cache buffer LRU chains Buffer busy waits Read waits Free buffer waits Cache hit ratio

12. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-12 Cache Buffer Chains Latch Contention Contention for this latch indicates: Multiple processes attempting to access the same “hot” block Excessive block replacement

13. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-13 Finding Hot Segments Characteristics of cache buffer chains latch contention: –Many accesses to one or more block under the same latch –Worse with larger block sizes To find hot segments: SQL> SELECT * FROM ( SELECT owner, object_name, 2 object_type, statistic_name, sum(value) 3 FROM V$SEGMENT_STATISTICS 4 GROUP BY owner, object_name, object_type, 5 statistic_name 6 ORDER BY SUM(value) DESC) 7 WHERE ROWNUM < 10;

14. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-14 Buffer Busy Waits Application-level contention for buffers in the buffer cache Identify buffer busy waits contention: SELECT object_name, value FROM V$SEGMENT_STATISTICS WHERE statistic_name 'buffer busy waits' AND value > 20000; SELECT class, count FROM V$WAITSTAT WHERE count>0 ORDER BY count DESC;

15. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-15 Calculating the Buffer Cache Hit Ratio SELECT name, value FROM v$sysstat WHERE name IN ('db block gets from cache', 'consistent gets from cache', 'physical reads cache'); PHYSICAL READS = 'physical reads cache') LOGICAL READS = ('consistent gets from cache' + 'db block gets from cache') HIT RATIO = 1 - PHYSICAL READS/LOGICAL READS

16. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-16 Buffer Cache Hit Ratio Is Not Everything A badly tuned database can still have a hit ratio of 99% or better. Hit ratio is only one part in determining tuning performance. Hit ratio does not determine whether a database is optimally tuned. Use the wait interface to examine what is causing a bottleneck: – V$SESSION_WAIT – V$SESSION_EVENT – V$SYSTEM_EVENT Tune SQL statements.

17. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-17 Interpreting Buffer Cache Hit Ratio Hit ratio is affected by data access methods: –Full table scans –Repeated scans of the same tables –Large table with random access –Data or application design Investigate increasing the cache size if: –Hit ratio is low –Application is tuned to avoid full table scans

18. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-18

19. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-19 Read Waits List of wait events performing disk reads into the buffer cache: – db file sequential read – db file parallel read – db file scattered read If wait time for reads is high: –Tune the SQL statement that issues most disk reads by sorting V$SQL by DISK_READS and BUFFER_GETS. –Grow buffer cache if needed. –Reduce writes due to checkpointing. –Add more disk capacity.

20. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-20

21. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-21 Free Buffer Waits K B J A C D LRU list Server Write Buffer state dirty free DBWn

22. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-22 Solutions The buffer cache solutions are applied depending on the symptoms: Properly size the buffer cache. Cache objects. Use the keep and recycle pools. Increase the writing speed of DBWn. Use private I/O pool.

23. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-23 Sizing the Buffer Cache Buffer cache size affects several tuning diagnostics. If the cache is too small: Extra reads due to block replacement Extra writes to move dirty blocks to disk Buffer cache LRU chains contention

24. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-24 Buffer Cache Size Parameters Set the primary block size for the recycle, keep, and default buffer pools: DB_BLOCK_SIZE Set the size of the buffer pools: – DB_CACHE_SIZE – DB_KEEP_CACHE_SIZE – DB_RECYCLE_CACHE_SIZE Represent all memory for the buffer cache Are required to use buffer cache features: –Dynamic grow/shrink –Buffer cache advice –Multiple block sizes

25. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-25 Dynamic Buffer Cache Advisory Parameter The buffer cache advisory feature enables and disables statistics gathering for predicting behavior with different cache sizes. Use the information provided by these statistics to size the buffer cache optimally for a given workload. The buffer cache advisory is enabled by means of the DB_CACHE_ADVICE initialization parameter: –This parameter is dynamic and can be changed using ALTER SYSTEM. –Three values are allowed: OFF, ON, and READY.

26. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-26 View to Support Buffer Cache Advisory Buffer cache advisory information is collected in the V$DB_CACHE_ADVICE view. The view contains different rows that estimate the number of physical reads for cache sizes between 10% and 200% of the current cache size. The rows also compute a physical read factor, which is the ratio of the number of estimated reads to the number of actual reads. Simulation is done for all buffer pools.

27. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-27 Using the V$DB_CACHE_ADVICE View SELECT size_for_estimate, buffers_for_estimate, estd_physical_read_factor, estd_physical_reads FROM V$DB_CACHE_ADVICE WHERE name = 'DEFAULT' AND advice_status = 'ON' AND block_size = (SELECT value FROM V$PARAMETER WHERE name = 'db_block_size'); Estd Phys Estd Phys Cache Size (MB) Buffers Read Factor Reads ---------------- ------------ ----------- ------------ (10%) 30 3,802 18.70 192,317,943 … 243 30,416 1.33 13,720,149 273 34,218 1.13 11,583,180 (Current) 304 38,020 1.00 10,282,475 334 41,822.93 9,515,878 … 577 72,238.67 6,895,122 (200%) 608 76,040.66 6,739,731

28. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-28 Using the Buffer Cache Advisory with EM

29. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-29 Caching Tables Enable caching during full table scans by: –Creating the table with the CACHE clause –Altering the table with the CACHE clause –Using the CACHE hint in a query: select /* + cache */ Caching tables put blocks at the MRU end of the LRU list. Guideline: Do not overcrowd the buffer cache. Use a keep pool.

30. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-30 Multiple Buffer Pools Three buffer pools: –Default: SYS and nonflagged table or indexes –Keep: Hot objects –Recycle: Infrequent access Useful for small, simple schemas with well-known access paths Default Keep Recycle Auto-tuned

31. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-31 Notes only page

32. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-32 Enabling Multiple Buffer Pools Use the BUFFER_POOL clause. This clause is valid for tables, clusters, and indexes. When altered, buffer pool is used for future reads. Objects can have more than one buffer pool. CREATE INDEX cust_idx … STORAGE (BUFFER_POOL KEEP …); ALTER TABLE customer STORAGE (BUFFER_POOL RECYCLE); ALTER INDEX cust_name_idx STORAGE (BUFFER_POOL KEEP); Buffer pool 이 변경 - 새로 읽어 들인 블록은 새로운 buffer pool 에 들어감 - 이전에 남아 있던 블록은 유지 (flush out 될때까지 )

33. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-33 Calculating the Hit Ratio for Multiple Pools SQL> SELECT name, 1 - (physical_reads / 2 (db_block_gets + consistent_gets)) "HIT_RATIO" 3 FROM V$BUFFER_POOL_STATISTICS 4 WHERE db_block_gets + consistent_gets > 0; NAMEHIT_RATIO ---------------------------- KEEP.983520845 RECYCLE.503866235 DEFAULT.790350047

34. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-34 Notes only page

35. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-35 Multiple Block Sizes Allow buffer caches for nonstandard block sizes Parameters: DB_ n K_CACHE_SIZE { n = 2, 4, 8, 16, 32} BLOCKSIZE attribute of CREATE TABLESPACE storage clause Intended for transportable tablespaces Default Keep Recycle 16 KB cache Set#1 Set#2 Set#3 Set#4 Set#5 Set#6 Set#7 Set#8

36. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-36 Multiple Database Writers Multiple database writers are a means to increase write throughput useful for large SMP systems. Buffer cache is partitioned between database writers by working sets. Each DBWn process scans its own assigned sets. The number of database writes can be manually controlled by DB_WRITER_PROCESSES. Set#1 Set#3 Set#2 Set#4 DBW0 DBW1

37. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-37 Multiple I/O Slaves Allow DBW0 to write in parallel when asynchronous I/O is not well supported DBW0 gathers batch of buffers Queues batch in round-robin order with I/O slaves Waits for all slaves to complete Cannot combine multiple DBWn with multiple I/O slaves Controlled by: – DBWR_IO_SLAVES – DISK_ASYNCH_IO Set#1 Set#2 Set#3 Set#4 i000 i002 DBW0 i001

38. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-38 Use Multiple Writers or I/O Slaves To reduce free buffer waits: Implement asynchronous I/O first Use multiple writers when a database writer is consuming 100% of a CPU Use I/O slaves when asynchronous I/O is not supported

39. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-39 Private Pool for I/O Intensive Operations Use for operations that: –Do not require caching –Require efficient I/O Use for large asynchronous I/O Requires global checkpoint to ensure consistent data Use only for direct path I/O: –Parallel direct inserts –SQL*Loader direct path : 직접 쓰기

40. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-40 Automatically Tuned Multiblock Reads DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT is automatically tuned. Simplifies the determination of the best value Optimal I/O size is platform dependent: –Cannot exceed 10% of the cache Prefetch limited to 64 KB –Prevents swamping of the cache Automatically enabled if not set or set to zero

41. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-41 Faster Instance Startup for Ultralarge Buffer Caches Database available at 10% initialization of buffer cache Remaining 90% formatted in the background by CKPT Leverages the dynamic buffer cache infrastructure Especially useful for very large buffer caches

42. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-42 Flushing the Buffer Cache (for Testing Only) ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH BUFFER_CACHE;

43. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-43 Practice: Overview This practice covers the following topics: Use the DB Buffer Cache Advisor to size the buffer cache Use the Keep Pool

44. Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 9-44 Summary In this lesson, you should have learned how to: Describe the buffer cache architecture Size the buffer cache Resolve common performance issues related to the buffer cache Use common diagnostic indicators to suggest a possible solution