1. Survey of eucaryotic microbes
Fungi
Algae
Protozoa
Parasitic helminths (worms)

2. Kingdom Fungi 100,000 species divided into 2 groups:
macroscopic fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi)
microscopic fungi (molds, yeasts)
majority are unicellular or colonial, a few have cellular specialization

3. Roles of fungi decomposers of dead plants and animals
sources of antibiotics
used in making foods & in genetic studies
adverse impact – food spoilage, mycoses, toxin production

4. microscopic fungi exist in 2 morphologies
yeast – unicellular, round ovoid shape, asexual reproduction (budding or transverse division) – also can form pseudohyphae
Filamentous (“mold”) - hyphae – long filamentous fungi or molds; forms tangled mass=mycelium
some exist in either form – dimorphic – characteristic of pathogens

5. yeasts Reproduces by budding or transverse division (asexual)
Can form pseudohyphae (chains)
Some can also form spores (sexual repro)
Example: Saccharomyces cerevisae (Brewer’s or baker’s yeast)

6. Molds (hyphae)

7. Figure 5.15 7 7

8. Fungal nutrition all are _________________
majority are harmless __________living off dead plants & animals (saprophytes)
secrete hydrolytic enzymes, digest externally
some are parasites, living on the tissues of other organisms, but none are obligate; __________= fungal infections
growth temperature 20o-40oC
extremely widespread distribution, many habitats

9. Fungal Reproduction
primarily through __________formed on special reproductive __________
asexual reproduction – spores are formed through budding (yeasts) or in __________or _______________________ (molds)
sexual reproduction – spores are formed following fusion of male & female strains & formation of sexual structure
sexual spores are one basis for __________

10. I. Asexual reproduction
Molds - Reproduction
Transverse fission
Budding
Spores (most common)
Sporaniogpores – spores enclosed in head (sporangium) – sits atop stalk (___________________)
Conidia – free spores

11. I. Asexual Reproduction
Sporangiospores
Stalk =
Sac =
Spores =

12. Conidia All form on top of stalk (conidiophore)
I. Asexual Reproduction
Conidia
All form on top of stalk (conidiophore)
Arthrospores – septate hypha – fragments break off
Chlamydospores – spherical, thickened hyphal cell Blastospore = bud
Phialospore – buds from vase shaped phialide
Micro/macro conidium – small and large versions of conidia, 1 and 2+celled, respectively.
Porospore – conidium that grows from pore
You do NOT have to memorize these types of conidia! 

13. Conidia
I. Asexual Reproduction

14. Spore types and representative genera
I. Asexual Reproduction
Spore types and representative genera
Sporangiospores – Absidia, Mucor
Arthrospores – Coccidiodes
Chlamydospores/blastospores – Candida albicans
Phialospores – Aspergillus, Penicillium
Micro/microconidia – Microsporum, Fusarium
Porospores - Alternaria
You do NOT have to memorize these types of conidia! 

15. II. Sexual reproduction
Involves fertilization – union of compatible nuclei
Some can self-fertilize
Can yield spores:
Zygospore
Ascospore
Basidiospore

16. 4 main divisions of molds based on sexual spore type
II. Sexual Reproduction
4 main divisions of molds based on sexual spore type
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Deuteromycota – no sexual spores?

17. Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Detueromycota Sexual spores
None or not described
Asexual spores
Sporangio-
(some conidia)
Types of conidia
Conidia
Var. conidia
Hyphae
Nonseptate or complete septa
Porous septate
Incompletely septate
septate
Lifestyle
Mostly saprobes some parasites
Many important species and pathogens
Fleshy fruiting bodies; some plant parasites, 1 pathogen
Some dimorphic; saprobes and some parasites
examples
Rhizopus, Mucor
Agents of dermatophytosis, Histoplasma, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Pneumocystis carinii
Cryptococcus neoformans; mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts
Coccidioides immitis, Candida albicans, Cladosporium, Strachybotrys

18. Fungal pathogenesis (mycosis)
Most fungi are not true pathogens (they don’t attack healthy people)
Most are ______________– invade those with compromised immune systems (AIDS, cancer, diabetes)
Degree of mycosis (disease) varies by mode of infection and organs involved
Fungi also cause ______________– , and produce ______________–

19. Considered the most pathogenic fungus19 19

20. Important fungal diseases
Microorganism
Associated Disease(s)
Trichophyton spp.
Epidermophyton spp.
Microsporum spp.
Tinea capitis (ringworm); Tinea cruris (jock itch); Tinea pedis (athlete's foot);Tinea unguum (finger and toenails); Tinea corporum (body); Tinea barbae (beard)
Candida albicans
vaginal yeast infections, oral thrush, nail fungus
Coccidiodes
Coccidiomycosis – lung/systemic – VERY deadly
Blastomyces dermatitidis
blastomycosis (skin, lungs, organs)
Aspergillus spp.
aspergillosis

21. ringworm
Athlete’s foot
Nail fungus

22. mycosis
Blastomycosis
Coccidiomycosis

23. Oral thrush – C. albicans

24. Case study: mucormycosis
Mucor sp. – common mold of soil, bread, fruit etc.
Opportunistic infection
Mark Tatum – steroids suppressed his immune system
Inhaled spores  infection in sinus
Had to have sinuses removed including nose, eyes and face

25. mycosis

26. Benefits of fungi Decomposers of organic matter (recycle nutrients)
Symbiosis with plant roots
Produce antibiotics, organic acids, vitamins
Fermentation (alcohol)
Foods – bread, cheese; also eaten as foods

27. Identifying Fungi Media – cornmeal, blood, Sabouraud’s agar
ID by asexual stages (sexual not common in lab cultures)
Also physical characteristics: hyphae, colony morphology, color, other characteristics
Genetic tests

28. Kingdom Protista Algae – photosynthetic, plant-like
Protozoa – nonphotosynthetic, animal-like

29. Algae photosynthetic organisms
contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll & other pigments; cell wall; may or may not have flagella
kelps, seaweeds, euglenids, green algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, brown algae, & red seaweeds
microscopic forms are unicellular, colonial, filamentous
macroscopic forms are colonial and multicellular
most are free-living in fresh and marine water
(you have seen examples off all of these in lab)

30. Fig. 5.26
Algae

31. Algae classified according to types of pigments & cell wall
provide basis of food web in most aquatic habitats (plankton)
produce large proportion of atmospheric O2
used for cosmetics, food & medical products
_______________ cause red tides & produce toxins – paralytic shellfish poisoning

32. 32 32

33. Dinoflagellates
Paralytic shellfish poisoning – accumulation of toxins in clams and other shellfish
Ciguatera – accumulation in fish - no antidote for toxin. Can be self-limiting.
_______________ _______________ (pfiesteriosis)– parasite of fish and humans; algal blooms from agricultural runoff; also has potent toxins