1. Kingdom Fungi Heterotrophic Absorptive, extracellular digestive via dig. enzymes Primary decomposers –Along with bacteria Most are Saprobes –Some parasitic –Some predatory –Some form symbiotic relationships All are spore formers

2. Most are multicellular (except for yeasts) Extending filaments = hyphae Branch network of hyphae = mycelium Mostly coenocytic with reduced or partial internal septa (internal cell walls) Cell walls with chitin –Nitrogenous polysaccharide

3. 3-stage life cycle 1. Haploid stage Mycelia of “+” hyphae (n) and “-” hyphae (n) 2. Dikaryon stage (+) hyphae partially fuses with (-) hyphae producing a dikaryon (2 nuclei) or heterokaryon (more than two of each unfused nuclei) ** Some fungi will fuse the nuclei here and produce a zygote 3. Diploid stage fusing of the dikaryon (or heterokaryon) nuclei product of Karyogamy

4. Rhizopus hyphae

5. Zygomycota/Rhizopus sporangia

6. Rhizopus zygosporangia

7. Rhizopus zygosporangium 2 Suspensor cell Zygosporangium(zygospores within)

8. Ecological roles Saprobes, detritivores, recycle nutrients Symbiotic –Mutualistic, parasitic, and predatory –Nitrogen fixing Mycorrhizae fungi transfer essential minerals to roots in exchange for food –Can order spore inoculants to add to planting soil –Lichens

9. Evolutionary branch of a flagellated ancestor Fungal clades/ phyla based primarily on reproductive variations –Strategies –Morphological

10. Basidiomycota-mushrooms

11. Basidomycota-puffballs

12. Basidomycota-bracket fungi

13. Basidomycota-section through basidocarp Stalk Gills with basidia and basidiospores

14. Basidospores on gills of basidocarp basidia basidospores

15. Ascomycota/Hemisacomycota- Yeast

16. Ascomycota/Euascomycota- Morels

17. Ascomycota/Euascomycota-cup fungi

18. Ascomycota, cup sectioned

19. Ascospores with ascosporangia

20. Penicillium Conidophore Conidiospores (conidia)

21. Aspergillius

23. Lichen structure 2 Algal cells Asci with ascospores

24. Crustose lichen

25. Fruticose lichen

26. Foliose lichen

27. Lichen soredia

28. Lichen producing soredia along margin of thallus