1. The Kingdom Fungi
Chapter 21

2. 21-1 The Kingdom Fungi

4. What are Fungi?
Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls made of chitin (a carbohydrate).
Fungi DO NOT ingest their food, but rather they digest food OUTSIDE their bodies and the ABSORB it! (Fungi are decomposers)
Reasons Fungi Not Plants!
No chlorophyll
Cell wall not Cellulose
NO vascular tissue
Do not photosynthesize
(Not an autotroph)

5. Structure and Function of Fungi
Multicellular (except yeasts)
Composed of hyphae—thin filaments one cell thick
Cross walls—cytoplasm and nuclei can move through openings
Without cross walls—contain many nuclei

6. Hyphae Structure Close-Up
Nuclei
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Cross wall
Hyphae With Cross Walls
Hyphae Without Cross Walls
Section 21-1

7. Structure & Function of Fungi
Except for yeasts, ALL fungi are multi-cellular and composed of tiny filaments called hyphae.
The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed of many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass called a mycelium.
The mycelium is well suited to absorb food.
The fruiting body is a reproductive structure that develops from a mycelium that grows below the surface of the ground.

8. Fungi Structure
Fruiting body
Hyphae
Mycelium
Section 21-1

9. A Mushroom Fairy Ring
Mushrooms emerge in a fairy ring from an underground fungal mycelium, growing outward from a central point where a single spore germinated, perhaps centuries ago.

10. Reproduction in Fungi
Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually.
Asexual:
In some fungi, spores are produced in structures called sporangia.
Sporangia are found at the tips of specialized hyphae called sporangiophores.
Sexual:
Sexual reproduction involves a gametangium - a gamete-forming structure produced when the hyphae of opposing mating types of fungi meet.

11. How Fungi Spread How Fungi Spread Fungal spores
Scatter easily in the wind
Must land in favorable
environment
Temperature
Moisture
Food
Some are specialized to
lure animals, flies
Disperse spores over
long distances
FIGURE 22-2 Some fungi can eject spores
A ripe earthstar mushroom, struck by a drop of water, releases a cloud of spores that will be dispersed by air currents.

13. 21-2 Classification of Fungi
Fungi are classified according to their structure and method of reproduction
The 4 main groups of fungi are:
Zygomycota (common molds)
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
Basidiomycota (club fungi)
Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi)

14. Zygomycota – The Common Molds
Zygomycetes are the familiar molds that grown on meat, cheese, and bread.
Ex: Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold).
the rootlike hyphae that anchor the fungus to the bread are called rhizoids
the stem-like hyphae that run along the surface of the bread are called stolons

15. Figure 21-5 The Life Cycle of Rhizopus
Section 21-2
p. 531
Zygospore (2N)
Spores (N)
Sporangium
+ Mating type (N)
Stolons
Rhizoids
- Mating type (N)
Sporangiophore
Gametangia
FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Diploid
Haploid

16. Zygomycota

17. Ascomycota – The Sac Fungi
The phylum Ascomycota is named for the ascus, a reproductive structure that contains spores.
Ascomycetes are the largest phyum in the kingdom Fungi.
Some are large and some are microscopic.
Examples: cup fungi (large) and yeasts (microscopic).

18. Figure 21-7 The Life Cycle of an Ascomycete
Section 21-2
p. 533
Hypha (N)
Conidiophore
Conidia (N)
+ Mating type (N)
- Mating type (N)
8 Ascospores (N)
Ascus
Zygote (2N)
Ascus (N + N)
Fruiting body (N + N)
Hyphae (N + N)
Gametangia
Asci
Hyphae (N)
Diploid
Haploid
FERTILIZATION
HYPHAE FUSE
MEIOSIS
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction

19. Morels are Ascomycete Fungi

20. Yeast is an Ascomycete Fungus
Yeasts
Unicellular fungi
Ascomycetes—baking and brewing
Budding—process of asexual reproduction—cell division
Alcoholic fermentation to obtain energy
Byproducts—carbon dioxide and alcohol

21. Yeast is an Ascomycete Fungus
Yeasts are unusual, normally nonfilamentous ascomycetes that reproduce most commonly by budding. The yeast shown here is Candida, a common cause of vaginal infections.
Candida sp.

22. Some Ascomycetes Scarlet Cup Fungus Morel
(a) The cup-shaped fruiting body of the scarlet cup fungus
(b) The morel, an edible delicacy. (Consult an expert before sampling any wild fungus—some are deadly!)
Scarlet Cup Fungus
Morel

23. Ascomycota

24. Sac Fungi - Ascomycota CUP FUNGI (visible to the eye) YEASTS
(microscopic)

25. Basidiomycota – The Club Fungi
The phylum Basidiomycota gets its name from a specialized reproductive structure (called a basidium) that resembles a club.
Includes:
Mushrooms
Shelf fungi
Puffballs
Earthstars
Jelly fungi
Plant rusts
Bird’s nest fungi

26. Figure 21-8 The Life Cycle of a Basidiomycete
Section 21-2
p. 534
Fruiting body (N + N)
Button
Secondary mycelium (N + N)
Primary mycelium (N)
+ Mating type (N)
- Mating type (N)
Basidiospores (N)
Zygote (2N)
Basidia (N + N)
Gills lined with basidia
Gills
Stalk
Base
Cap
FERTILIZATION
HYPHAE FUSE
Haploid
Diploid
MEIOSIS

27. Mushrooms – “Club Like” Fungi or Basidiomycete Fungi

28. Bracket Fungi – Basidiomycete Fungi

29. Some Basidiomycetes Shelf Fungi Giant Puffball
The giant puffball Lycopedon giganteum may produce up to 5 trillion spores.
Shelf fungi, the size of dessert plates, are conspicuous on trees.
Giant Puffball

30. Basidiomycete or Club Fungi

31. Basidiomycota

32. The Club Fungi Diversity of Club Fungi Edible and Inedible Mushrooms
Shelf fungi
Puffballs
Earthstars
Jelly fungi
Rusts
Edible and Inedible Mushrooms
Almost identical
Some inedible can cause severe illness or death

33. Diversity of Club Fungi
PUFFBALL
EARTH STAR
MUSHROOM
SHELF FUNGI
BIRD’S NEST FUNGI
JELLY FUNGI

34. Deuteromycota – The Imperfect Fungi
Deuteromycota is an extremely varied phylum composed of those fungi that are not placed in other phyla.
The term imperfect implies that these fungi do not appear to have sexual reproduction.
Ex: Penicillium notatum – the source of antibiotic penicillin.

35. Deutoeromycota

36. Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi)
-Regarded as imperfect because they exhibit no sexual stage has been observed in their life cycle
-Members are not closely related and are not necessarily similar in structure or appearance; do not share a common ancestry, polyphyletic = coming from many ancestors – hmm weird 

37. Truffles
Truffles, rare ascomycetes (each about the size of a small apple), are a gastronomic delicacy.

38. Truffles are round, warty, fungi that are irregular in shape
Truffles are round, warty, fungi that are irregular in shape. They vary from the size of a walnut to that of a man's fist. Since the times of the Greeks and Romans these fungi have been used in Europe as delicacies, as aphrodisiacs, and as medicines. They are among the most expensive of the world's natural foods, often commanding as much as $250 to $450 per pound.
Truffles are harvested in Europe with the aid of female pigs or truffle dogs, which are able to detect the strong smell of mature truffles underneath the surface of the ground. The female pig becomes excited when she sniffs a chemical that is similar to the male swine sex attractant. The use of dogs to find truffles is also and option.

39. 21-3 Ecology of Fungi All Fungi Are Heterotrophs
Saprobes - Organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter
Parasites - which harm other orgnisms
Symbionts - live in close and mutually beneficial association with other species
Capture live animals
Pleurotus ostreatus
Lives on the sides of trees and trap worms to digest them

40. 21-3 Ecology of Fungi Fungi as Decomposers
Maintain equilibrium in nearly every ecosystem by recycling nutrients
Release digestive enzymes that break down organic material into simple molecules which diffuse into the fungus

41. 21-3 Ecology of Fungi Fungi as Parasites Corn smut
Cause serious plant and animal diseases and a few cause diseases in humans
Plant Diseases
Smuts, mildews, rusts
Corn smut
Plant mildew
Spruce rust

42. 21-3 Ecology of Fungi
Parasitic fungi cause serious plant and animal diseases:
wheat rust
mildew on fruit

43. Corn Smut
This basidiomycete pathogen destroys millions of dollars’ worth of corn each year. Even a pest like corn smut has its admirers, though. In Mexico this fungus is known as huitlacoche and is considered to be a great delicacy.

44. Penicillium
Penicillium growing on an orange. Reproductive structures, which coat the fruit’s surface, are visible, while hyphae beneath draw nourishment from inside. The antibiotic penicillin was first isolated from this fungus.

45. Other Basidiomycetes Rusts and Smuts
Rust infecting wheat leaves
Rust infecting a Leaf
Whitrot Smut digesting old wood

46. 21-3 Ecology of Fungi Human Diseases Athlete’s foot, ringworm
Candida albicans (yeast)—oral thrush
Bacteria and yeast in the human body keep each other in check

47. 21-3 Ecology of Fungi Other Animal Diseases
Cordyceps—grasshoppers in rain forests in Costa Rica

48. 21-3 Ecology of Fungi Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualistic (both benefit)
Lichens
Fungus and an alga or a cyanobacterium or both
Live mostly on bare rock and in places that most other organisms cannot live
Break down rock into soil
Autotroph makes food, fungus absorbs water and nutrients and serves as an anchor

49. Lichens: Symbiotic Partnerships
Algal Layer
Most lichens have a layered structure bounded on the top and bottom by an outer layer formed from fungal hyphae. Attachments formed from fungal hyphae emerge from the lower layer and anchor the lichen to a surface, such as a rock or a tree. An algal layer in which the alga and fungus grow in close association lies beneath the upper layer of hyphae.
Fungal Hyphae
Attachment Structure

51. Lichens Covering a Rock
A colorful encrusting lichen, growing on dry rock, illustrates the tough independence of this symbiotic combination of fungus and alga.

52. Lichens are mutualistic symbiotic organisms
Lichens are mutualistic symbiotic organisms. They have an ____________ fungus and a _________ or cyanobacterial portion. There are three lichen growth forms which are predominant in nature: _____________________
_____________________________

53. Fruticose
Crustose
Foliose

54. Symbiotic Relationships
Lichens
A symbiotic associations between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism.
Lichen can grow on dry, bare rock and are often the first organisms to inhabit an area (pioneer species).
The lichen break down the bare rock, allowing other plants to grow.
lichen

55. Symbiotic Relationships
Mycorrhizae
A symbiotic associations of plant roots and fungi.
Fungi increases the surface area of the plants roots.
Its presence is often necessary for the growth of many plants.
mycorrhizae

56. 21-3 Ecology of Fungi Mycorrhizae Plant roots and fungi
Plant roots provide energy and fungus provides a large surface area for more absorption of water and minerals

57. Mycorrhizae Enhance Plant Growth
Hyphae of mycorrhizae entwining about the root of an aspen tree. Plants grow significantly better in a symbiotic association with these fungi, which help make nutrients and water available to the roots.
Mycorrhizae

58. Coenocytic = hyphae lack crosswalls
Phylum
Ex’s
Characteristics
Asexual
Sexual
Zygomycota
Bread Mold
Rhizopus a dung fungus
Chitin cell walls
Coenocytic = hyphae lack crosswalls
Unflagel. spores drop from sporangia
Gametangia fuse to create zygospore
Ascomycota
Yeast, morels, truffles
Conidia on conidophores
Hyphae + & - fuse to create ascospores in ascus
Basidiomycota
Mushrooms Puffballs, rusts, smuts
Cross walls in hyphae
Asexual by way of Conidophores which produce conidiospores
Sexual when hyphae fuse in BASIDIA to produce
basidiospores
Fungi Imperfecti
Deuteromycota
Penicillium,
Athlete’s Foot fungus,
Tomato Blight
Similar To
Basidio and
Zygomy
Asexual by conidia which produce conidophores
Sexual repro
Not known