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2. Standardized Test Prep
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Visual Concepts
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 22 Table of Contents Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Section 3 Fungal Partnerships

4. Chapter 22 Objectives List the characteristics of the kingdom Fungi.
Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi
Objectives
List the characteristics of the kingdom Fungi.
Describe the structure of a typical fungus body.
Identify how fungi obtain nutrients.
Relate the way fungi obtain nutrients to their role in ecosystems.
Distinguish the ways that fungi reproduce.

5. Chapter 22 Kingdom Fungi Fungi have four major unique features:
Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi
Kingdom Fungi
Fungi have four major unique features:
1. Fungi are heterotrophic.
2. Fungi have filamentous bodies.
3. Fungal cells contain chitin, the tough polysaccharide found in the hard outer covering of insects.
4. Fungi exhibit nuclear mitosis.

6. Characteristics of Fungi
Chapter 22
Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi
Characteristics of Fungi
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Visual Concept

7. Structures and Nutrients
Chapter 22
Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi
Structures and Nutrients
Structures
All fungi except yeasts have bodies composed of slender filaments called hyphae.
When hyphae grow, they branch and form a tangled mass called mycelium.
Each hypha is a long string of cells divided by partial walls. Some species do not have walls between cells.

8. Chapter 22
Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi
Penicillium Mold

9. Chapter 22
Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi
Hyphae in Fungi

10. Body Structure of Fungi
Chapter 22
Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi
Body Structure of Fungi
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Visual Concept

11. Structures and Nutrients, continued
Chapter 22
Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi
Structures and Nutrients, continued
Nutrients
All fungi obtain nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes that break down organic matter in their environment.
Many fungi decompose nonliving organic matter, such as leaves, branches, dead animals, and waste.
Other fungi, such as the fungus that causes ringworm, are parasites that absorb nutrients from living hosts.

12. Chapter 22
Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi
Reproduction
Fungi reproduce by releasing spores formed sexually or asexually in reproductive structures at the tips of hyphae.
Fungal spores are so small and light that they remain suspended in the air for long periods of time; the wind can carry them great distances.
Fungal spores are haploid. Most spores are formed by mitosis during asexual reproduction.

13. Chapter 22 Sexual Reproduction Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi
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Visual Concept

14. Chapter 22
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Objectives
Describe the characteristics used to classify fungi.
List two commercial uses for fungi.
Describe three phyla of fungi.
Distinguish between the life cycles of zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes.
Describe the mushroom Amanita muscaria.

15. Reproductive Structures
Chapter 22
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Reproductive Structures
Based on the types of structures produced during sexual reproduction, fungi can be classified in three phyla.

16. Reproductive Structures, continued
Chapter 22
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Reproductive Structures, continued
Asexual Reproduction
A fourth group, the deuteromycetes, is composed of fungi in which no sexual stage has been seen.
Traditionally, this group has been called a phylum.
Through the use of molecular techniques, scientists have reclassified most of these asexually reproducing organisms into the phylum Ascomycota.

17. Chapter 22 Types of Fungi Section 2 Fungal Diversity
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Visual Concept

18. Chapter 22
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Zygomycetes
Members of the phylum Zygomycota are named for the thick-walled sexual structures called zygosporangia that characterize these members.
Zygomycetes usually live in the soil and feed on decaying plant and animal matter. The mycelia that grow along the surface of the decaying matter are called stolons.
The hyphae that anchor the fungus to the decaying matter are called rhizoids.

19. Life Cycle of Zygomycetes
Chapter 22
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Life Cycle of Zygomycetes

20. Asexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes
Chapter 22
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Asexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes
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Visual Concept

21. Sexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes
Chapter 22
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Sexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes
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Visual Concept

22. Chapter 22
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Ascomycetes
The ascomycetes are named for their characteristic sexual reproductive structure. The microscopic ascus is a saclike structure in which haploid spores are formed.
Yeast is the common name given to unicellular ascomycetes.
Most yeasts reproduce asexually by fission or budding. In budding, a small cell forms from a large cell and pinches itself off from the large cell.

23. Life Cycle of Ascomycetes
Chapter 22
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Life Cycle of Ascomycetes

24. Asexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes
Chapter 22
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Asexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes
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Visual Concept

25. Sexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes
Chapter 22
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Sexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes
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Visual Concept

26. Chapter 22 Basidiomycetes
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Basidiomycetes
The kind of fungi with which you are probably most familiar—mushrooms—are members of the phylum Basidiomycota.
The basidium is the club-shaped sexual reproductive structure for which the basidiomycetes are named.
Asexual reproduction is rare among the basidiomycetes, except in some rusts and smuts.

27. Structure of a Mushroom
Chapter 22
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Structure of a Mushroom

28. Chapter 22 Parts of a Mushroom Section 2 Fungal Diversity
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Visual Concept

29. Life Cycle of Basidiomycetes
Chapter 22
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Life Cycle of Basidiomycetes

30. Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycetes
Chapter 22
Section 2 Fungal Diversity
Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycetes
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Visual Concept

31. Chapter 22
Section 3 Fungal Partnerships
Objectives
Distinguish two symbiotic relationships that involve fungi.
Summarize the ecological importance of mycorrhizae.
Describe lichens.

32. Chapter 22 Symbiosis Section 3 Fungal Partnerships
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Visual Concept

33. Symbiotic Relationships
Chapter 22
Section 3 Fungal Partnerships
Symbiotic Relationships
Mycorrhizae
A mycorrhiza is a type of mutualistic relationship formed between fungi and vascular plant roots.
The hyphae help transfer phosphorus and other minerals from the soil to the roots of the plant, while the plant supplies carbohydrates to the fungus.
In the mycorrhizae of most species of plants, the hyphae penetrate the outer cells of the root. The fungus is usually a zygomycete.

34. Symbiotic Relationships, continued
Chapter 22
Section 3 Fungal Partnerships
Symbiotic Relationships, continued
Mycorrhizae
In many plants, the mycorrhizae do not physically penetrate the plant root but instead wrap around it.
These nonpenetrating mycorrhizae represent relationships in which a particular species of plant has become associated with a particular fungus, usually a basidiomycete.
These kinds of mycorrhizae are important because they aid the growth of many commercially significant trees, such as pines, oaks, beeches, and willows.

35. Symbiotic Relationships, continued
Chapter 22
Section 3 Fungal Partnerships
Symbiotic Relationships, continued
Lichens
A lichen is a symbiosis between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner such as a green alga, a cyanobacterium, or both.
The photosynthetic partner provides carbohydrates. It is protected from the environment by the fungal partner, which helps it absorb mineral nutrients.
In most lichens, the fungus is an ascomycete.

36. Symbiotic Relationships, continued
Chapter 22
Section 3 Fungal Partnerships
Symbiotic Relationships, continued
Lichens
The tough construction of the fungus combined with the photosynthetic abilities of the alga, or cyanobacterium, has enabled lichens to colonize harsh habitats.
Recall that during succession, lichens are often the first colonists.
Lichens are able to survive drought and freezing by becoming dormant. When moisture and warmth return, lichens resume normal activities.

37. Chapter 22 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
The chart below shows how the truffle harvest and oak forest area changed in one region over a 40-year period. Use the chart to answer questions 1–3.

38. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which of these statements is supported by the data in the chart?
A. The truffle harvest decreased constantly between 1950 and 1975.
B. The truffle harvest decreased most rapidly between 1980 and 1990.
C. The oak forest area decreased by 50 percent between 1955 and 1970.
D. The oak forest covered 125 km2 in 1970.

39. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which of these statements is supported by the data in the chart?
A. The truffle harvest decreased constantly between 1950 and 1975.
B. The truffle harvest decreased most rapidly between 1980 and 1990.
C. The oak forest area decreased by 50 percent between 1955 and 1970.
D. The oak forest covered 125 km2 in 1970.

40. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which inference drawn from these data is most likely to be correct?
F. Truffles and oak trees are competing for resources in this region.
G. Truffles grow better when the forest floor is not shaded by branches and leaves.
H. Oak trees grow more slowly when there are many truffles in the forest.
J. The presence of oak trees favors the growth of truffles in this region.

41. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which inference drawn from these data is most likely to be correct?
F. Truffles and oak trees are competing for resources in this region.
G. Truffles grow better when the forest floor is not shaded by branches and leaves.
H. Oak trees grow more slowly when there are many truffles in the forest.
J. The presence of oak trees favors the growth of truffles in this region.

42. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Truffles reproduce by producing
A. asci.
B. basidia.
C. zygosporangia.
D. buds.

43. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Truffles reproduce by producing
A. asci.
B. basidia.
C. zygosporangia.
D. buds.