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Fig. 31-1
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Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Pore Septum Nuclei (a) Septate hypha
Fig. 31-3 Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Pore Septum Nuclei (a) Septate hypha (b) Coenocytic hypha
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Reproductive structure
Fig. 31-2 Reproductive structure Hyphae Spore-producing structures 20 µm Mycelium
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(a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey
Fig. 31-4 Hyphae Nematode 25 µm (a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey Plant cell wall Fungal hypha Plant cell Plant cell plasma membrane Haustorium (b) Haustoria
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Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating type (+)
Fig Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia Haploid mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidia (n+n) Basidium Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid nuclei 1 µm Basidiospore Diploid (2n)
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Fig Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a fungus with an odor like rotting meat Puffballs emitting spores Shelf fungi, important decomposers of wood
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Fig. 31-11 Hyphae 25 µm Chytrids (1,000 species)
Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Fungal hypha Glomeromycetes (160 species) Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)
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Fig a Hyphae 25 µm Chytrids (1,000 species)
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Fig Flagellum 4 µm
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Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Mating
Fig Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Zygosporangium Sporangia KARYOGAMY Spores Diploid nuclei Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and germination 50 µm Mycelium
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Fig 0.5 mm
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Fig 2.5 µm
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Tuber melanosporum, a truffle
Fig Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel Tuber melanosporum, a truffle
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Key Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n)
Fig Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Mycelia Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelium Germination SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus (zygote) Asci Eight ascospores Ascocarp Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS
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Fig
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Fig. 31-6 2.5 µm
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Fig Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth
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Fig. 31-7 10 µm Parent cell Bud
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Crustose (encrusting) lichens A foliose (leaflike) lichen
Fig Crustose (encrusting) lichens A fruticose (shrublike) lichen A foliose (leaflike) lichen
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Ascocarp of fungus Soredia Fungal hyphae Algal layer Algal cell
Fig Ascocarp of fungus Soredia Fungal hyphae Algal layer Algal cell 20 µm Fungal hyphae
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