1. ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS
Fungal infections (mycoses) can be both superficial and systemic. Superficial infections (Oral and vulvovaginal candidiasis, Dermatophytosis, e.g. Tinea pedis, Tinea corporis, ringworm, etc.) Systemic infections (Candidiasis, Cryptococcal meningitis, Aspergillosis, Blastomycosis). Pulmonary aspergillosis is a leading cause of death in immunecompromised patients.

2. Sites of Antifungal Activity

3. Polyene Antibiotics (Amphotericin-B and Nystatin)
Mechanism: Fungal cell membranes, unlike mammalian cells and bacteria, contain large amount of ergosterol. Polyene antibiotics bind to plasma membrane ergosterol, damage membrane, and cause leakage of potassium ions.

4. Amphotericin B Nystatin
Broad spectrum antifungal effective against most systemic fungal infections. Not absorbed orally; parenteral only.
Relatively high toxicity – nephrotoxic, neurotoxic at high dose
Nystatin
Similar to Amphotericin B. Not absorbed orally; topical only.
Higher toxicity than A.B. – not given systemically
Used to treat oral and esophageal Candidiasis (Thrush)

5. Azoles---Synthetic fungicidal agents
Mechanism Azoles inhibit ergosterol synthesis by blocking Ianosine 14a-demethylase, a fungal CYP which converts lanosterol to ergosterol. This leads to increase membrane fluidity and permeability and inhibition of fungal cell growth and replication. Generally well absorbed and non toxic. Most generally useful drugs for superficial fungal infections, also useful for systemic infections. Can be administered both topically and systemically Potential inhibition of human CYP, especially ketoconazole

6. Azole Antifungals inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis

7. Azole Antifungals
Ketoconazole: First azole, used only topically now. Relatively narrower spectrum, higher toxicity. Inhibitor of CYP3A4. Requires high gastric acidity for efficient absorption. Available as non-Rx ointment. Fluconazole: Most commonly prescribed systemic antifungal. Well absorbed orally, well tolerated. Drug of choice for most Candidiasis infections. Enters CNS (fungal meningitis). Less effective vs. Aspergillis. Itraconazole: Requires low pH for absorption. Does not inhibit steroidogenesis. Useful systemically vs. onychomycosis, deep (cryptic) non-CNS mycoses. More toxic than Fluconazole. More effective vs. Aspergillis. Clotrimazole: Available non-Rx, used topically only, for vulvo-vaginal candidiasis (“yeast infection”), oral candidiasis (as lozenge), ointment for “athlete’s foot”, “jock rash”(Dermatophytosis)

8. Allylamine Antifungals (Terbinafine)
Also inhibit Ergosterol biosynthesis, by blocking squalene epoxidase (lanosterol precursor)

9. Terbinafine
Concentrated in keratin, used for dermatophytosis (ringworm). Given both topically and p.o.
Well tolerated, does not inhibit CYP
Has replaced Griseofulvin for tmt of onychomycosis

10. Griseofulvin
Acts as a fungistatic agent by binding to microtubules, causing inhibition of mitosis. Induces human CYP and causes multiple drug interactions. Rarely used now, (Terbinafine preferred) but still prescribed. Not effective topically.

11. Flucytosine
Mechanism: Flucytosine is converted to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in fungal cells by cytosine deaminase. 5-FU inhibits thymidylate synthetase and DNA synthesis. Humans lack cytosine deaminase. Fungistatic.

12. Flucytosine
Synthetic fluorinated pyrimidine. Narrow spectrum fungistatic agent, well absorbed after oral administration. Its concentration in CSF is 50-90% that in plasma. Combination with Amphotericin B is highly effective for Cryptococcal meningitis. Less toxic than amphotericin-B.

13. Echinocandins
Natural product antibiotics, block cell wall formation and maintenance

14. Caspofungin
Useful vs. systemic mycoses, e.g. cryptic Aspergillis (invasive aspergillosis) and Candida (esophageal candidiasis), especially in azole resistance or amphotericin B intolerance. Not absorbed from GI tract; administered by iv infusion once daily

15. Treatment of Oral Candidiasis

16. Candidiasis Treatment: Topical and Systemic Drugs
Topical antifungals for localized candidiasis in patients with normal immune function.
Nystatin oral suspension Rinse with 1 teaspoonful (5 ml)for two minutes, use q.i.d. (after meals, and at bedtime) and spit out. (Patient can be directed to rinse and swallow if there is pharyngeal involvement).
Clotrimazole troches, 10 mg Dissolve in mouth 5 times per day for 14 days. Do not chew.
Systemic antifungals for disseminated disease and/or in immunocompromised patients.
Fluconazole tablets, 100 mg/day
Itraconazole tablets, 200 mg/day