1. MYCOLOGY -
STUDY OF MOLDS (FILAMENTOUS ORGANISMS) AND YEASTS (SINGLE CELLS WHICH PRODUCE PROGENY BY BUDDING, USUALLY)
EUKARYOTES, PRIMITIVE PLANTS, 5-10 μM DIAMETER
30 MEGA BASE PAIR GENOMES; SEVERAL CHROMOSOMES; 5,000 GENES
CELL WALL WITH CHITIN (N-ACETYL GLUCOSEAMINE POLYSACCHARIDE),
ABSORPTIVE NUTRITION,
LACK CHLOROPHYLL, NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS
FORM SPORES, NON-MOTILE,
TOLERATE DRYNESS, HIGH OSMOTIC PRESSURE,
ACID AND ALKALINE ENVIRONMENTS
SAPROPHYTES - DECAY DEAD CREATURES (& PERMIT
RECYLCING) - RELEASE HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES WHICH DIGEST EXTERNAL FOOD

2. MOLDS -
LONG, BRANCHED FILAMENTS - HYPHAE
COENOCYTIC - NO PERPENDICULAR CROSS WALLS
SEPTATE - WITH CROSS WALLS WITH PORES
GROW BY EXTENSION, BRANCHING
MYCELIUM - MASS OF HYPHAE - COLONY
SPORES - DORMANT, CAN GERMINATE
YEASTS -
UNICELLULAR, SINGLE NUCLEUS, BUD PROGENY
(USUALLY)
DIMORPHIC FUNGI - SOME WHICH CAUSE DISEASE -
YEAST FORM IN THE ANIMAL, FILAMENTOUS FORM ON
CULTURE MEDIA

3. REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL - MITOSIS FOLLOWED BY:
TRANSVERSE CELL WALL FORMATION FORMING TWO EQUAL DAUGHTER CELLS BINARY FISSION
BUDDING FORMING MOTHER CELL AND NEW BUD
TRANSVERSE CELL WALL FORMATION FORMING SPORES WITHIN
A HYPHA OR AT THE END
SEXUAL –
HOMOTHALLIC - SELF-FERTILIZING, COMPATIBLE GAMETES ON
THE SAME MYCELIUM
HETEROTHALLIC - CROSSING BETWEEN DIFFERENT BUT
COMPATIBLE MYCELIA. HAPLOID GAMETES FUSE; DIPLOID
GAMETES; MEIOSIS, HAPLOID SPORES

4. ZYGOMYCETES
COENOCYTIC - HAPLOID NUCLEI, HYPHA
RHIZOIDS EXTEND DOWN INTO SUBSTRATE, ABSORB NUTRIENTS
STOLONS - ERECT HYPHAE, FORM SPORANGIA WITH BLACK
SPORANGIOSPORES
E.G., COMMON BLACK BREAD MOLD: RHIZOPUS NIGRICANS
ASCOMYCETES
SEPTATE HYPHAE, CONIDIOSPORES AT END OF CONIDIOPHORE
ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS -
UBIQUITOUS - HOMES, ALLERGIC REACTIONS, ASTHMA, SINUSITIS,
OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN ESPECIALLY IN HIV+ PEOPLE
ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS - AFLATOXINS
PENICILLIUM NOTATUM - FIRST PENICILLIN
PENICILLIUM ROQUEFORTI – CHEESE SOFTENING/RIPENING
CLAVICEPS PURPUREA - ERGOT OF RYE – PLANT DISEASE
ERGOTISM IN PEOPLE - ERGOT TOXIN - CONTAINS LYSERGIC ACID-
USED TO SYNTHESIZE LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE -LSD
VASOCONSTRICTION - GANGRENE, AMPUTATIONS
NEUROTRANSMISSION - SEVERE BURNING SENSATION;
HALLUCINATIONS, CONVULSIONS, DEATH
COMMON – EUROPE – MIDDLE AGES

5. BASIDIOMYCETES
MUSHROOMS - DIPLOID HYPHAE GROWING IN SOIL
ASSEMBLE TO PUSH THROUGH SOIL;
FORM CAP UNDER WHICH BASIDIOSPORES DEVELOP
EDIBLE, BUT MUSHROOM POISONING

6. Rhizopus nigricans – Pin-head mold
SPORANGIA
STOLON
GERMINATING
SPORE
AERIAL
HYPHA
HYPHA
ABSORBING
HYPHA
RHIZOID

7. SPORANGIOSPORES IN SACS (SPORANGIA)
Rhizopus nigricans

8. ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS – CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES

9. CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES
Penicillium notatum
CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES

10. CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES
Penicillium
roqueforti
CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES

11. BLUE-GREEN CONIDIOSPORES OF Penicillium roqueforti
ROQUEFORT CHEESE
BLUE-GREEN CONIDIOSPORES OF Penicillium roqueforti

12. LIFE OF A MUSHROOM NOT ASSIGNED
APPRECIATE !
LIFE OF A MUSHROOM
NOT ASSIGNED

13. MYCOSES - FUNGAL INFECTIONS
 I. DERMATOPHYTES – FUNGI ON, IN, UNDER SKIN, HAIR, NAILS
A. SUPERFICIAL - ON OUTER SURFACES SKIN, HAIR, NAILS
- TROPICS – SOAP AND WATER
B. CUTANEOUS - WITHIN SKIN, HAIR, NAILS
- RINGWORM (TRICHOPHYTON, OTHERS)
- ATHLETE’S FOOT
C. SUBCUTANEOUS
- INTRODUCED THROUGH SKIN
(PUNCTURE WOUNDS)
- SPREAD ALONG LYMPH CHANNELS

14. RINGWORM (TRICHOPHYTON)
FIG CUTANEOUS MYCOSIS
RINGWORM (TRICHOPHYTON)
p 1009

15. FIG 39.17 SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSIS
CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS (BLACK MOLDS, PHIALOPHORA)
p 1010

16. A. HISTOPLASMOSIS - HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM DIMORPHIC
II. SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS - INTERNAL
A. HISTOPLASMOSIS - HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM
DIMORPHIC
MILD RESPIRATORY INFECTION - HEALTHY PEOPLE RECOVER
WITHOUT KNOWING THEY HAD DISEASE
ENDEMIC - OHIO RIVER VALLEY
SEVERE DISEASE IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
B. COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS - COCCIDIODES IMMITIS
DESERT FEVER - 95% MILD RESPIRATORY
5% TB-LIKE
FEW: DISSEMINATES TO BRAIN, BONES,
JOINTS, MENINGES
C. CRYPTOCOCCOSIS – CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS
RESPIRATORY TRACT > CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
MENINGITIS - INFLAMMATION OF MENINGES
D. PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA – PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII
  PNEUMONIA IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED

17. Pneumocystis carinii

18. Pneumocystis carinii PNEUMONIA14
Pneumocystis carinii PNEUMONIA

19. III. TREATMENT OF SYSTEMIC FUNGAL INFECTIONS –
AMPHOTERICIN B - DISRUPTS MEMBRANE FUNCTION, TOXIC FOR
PEOPLE
FLUCONAZOLE - PROPHYLACTIC IN AIDS PATIENTS INHIBITS STEROL
SYNTHESIS, AND THEREFORE NORMAL MEMBRANE FUNCTION
IV. MYCOTOXINS -
  ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS – AFLATOXINS

20. V. CANDIDIASIS - THRUSH, MONILIASIS, WHITE PATCHES OF MOUTH,
TONGUE, VAGINA
CANDIDA ALBICANS - NORMAL FLORA YEAST
C. ALBICANS FLOURISHES:
IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PEOPLE,
IN NORMAL HEALTH FOLK WHEN THEIR BACTERIAL FLORA
IS DESTROYED - PROLONGED ANTIBIOTIC WHICH
DESTROY PROKARYOTES
VAGINITIS - DIABETES, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES,
ESPECIALLY DURING PREGNANCY
DIAPER RASH
TREATMENT - TOPICAL
NYSTATIN - STREPTOMYCES ANTIBIOTIC, DAMAGES
MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM LEAKAGE
MICONAZOLE - ANTIBIOTIC, DAMAGES MEMBRANE,
DISRUPTS STEROLS SYNTHESIS

21. CANDIDA ALBICANS
ORAL THRUSH